Ghazni under the Ghaznavids
غزنی | |
 | |
  Shown within Afghanistan | |
| Location | Ghazni, Ghazni Province, Afghanistan |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 33°33′N 68°25′E / 33.550°N 68.417°E |
| Type | City |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | Ruined |
Ghazni is a city in southeastern Afghanistan, which served as the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire from 977 to 1163.
Etymology[edit]
The toponym Ghazni is known to have existed prior to the Islamic period. It is derived from the Iranian word Ganzak ("treasury").[1] Classical authors mention the name in various forms, including the Greek Gázaca (Γαζαχα), and the Chinese Ho(k)-si(k)-na.[2]
[edit]
Background[edit]
Although not a member of the Ghaznavid family, the foundation of the Ghazni as a Ghaznavid city can be attributed to the Turkic slave commander of the Samanid Empire, Alp-Tegin, who after his unsuccessful attempt to put the Samanid prince Nasr on the throne, was forced to flee from the court in Bukhara. In 963, Alp-Tegin accompanied by his personal guard of Turkic slave-soldiers and group of Iranian ghazis left for Ghazni, which was a small town in Zabulistan ruled by the local Lawik dynasty.[3] He seized Ghazni from Abu Bakr Lawik, a kinsman of the Kabulshah, and secured his position by receiving an investiture from the Samanids as the governor of Ghazni.
Alp-Tegin died a few months later (September 963) and was succeeded by his son Abu Ishaq Ibrahim,[4] who briefly lost control of Ghazni after an invasion by its former ruler, Abu Bakr Lawik. However, he managed to regain it with Samanid aid. Some time later, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim died and was succeeded by a Turkic slave commander named Bilgetegin.
[edit]
In 1052, the rebellious slave-soldier (ghulam) Toghrul seized Ghazni, had Abd al-Rashid killed, and had the sultan's men jailed in a stronghold. However, Toghrul's reign lasted only 15 days; he was defeated and killed by Ghaznavid loyalists, who put Farrukh-zad (r. 1053–1059) on the throne.[5]
The city's good fortune came to an unexpected and ruthless end when it was sacked and set on fire in 1151 by the Ghurid Sultan Ala al-Din Husayn (r. 1149-1161). All the tombs of the Ghaznavid rulers, with the exception of Mahmud, Mas'ud I and Ibrahim, were broken open and the remains burned. From these events, Ala ad-Din Husayn gained the nickname, Jahānsūz (meaning the World Burner).[6][7]
Monuments and inscriptions[edit]
Sultan Mas'ūd III of Ghazni built one of the Ghazni Minarets and the Palace of Sultan Mas'ūd III.[8][9]
References[edit]
- ^ Bosworth 2007, p. 146.
- ^ Bosworth 2007, pp. 146–147.
- ^ Bosworth 1975, p. 165.
- ^ Bosworth 1989, p. 898.
- ^ Yusofi 1988, pp. 889–894.
- ^ C.E. Bosworth, The Later Ghaznavids, 116-117.
- ^ "Qasr-i Mas'ud-i Sivvum". Archnet. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
- ^ "Manar-i Mas'ud III". Archnet. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
Sources[edit]
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Brill. pp. 1–615. ISBN 978-9004153882. Archived from the original on 2017-03-16. Retrieved 2017-03-15.
- Bosworth, C. E. (2011). The Ornament of Histories: A History of the Eastern Islamic Lands AD 650-1041: The Persian Text of Abu Sa'id 'Abd Al-Hayy Gardizi. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–169. ISBN 978-1-84885-353-9.
- Bosworth, C. E. (1975). "The early Ghaznavids". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 162–198. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- Bosworth, C. Edmund (1989). "ALPTIGIN". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 9. London et al. p. 898.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Bosworth, C. Edmund (2001). "GHAZNAVIDS". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 6. London et al. pp. 578–583.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Davaran, Fereshteh (2010). Continuity in Iranian Identity: Resilience of a Cultural Heritage. Routledge. pp. 1–288. ISBN 9781134018314.
- Frye, R.N. (1975). "The Sāmānids". In Frye, R.N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 136–161. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- Khalegi-Motlagh, Dj. (1983). "ABŪ MANṢŪR ʿABD-AL-RAZZĀQ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 3. p. 335.
- Yusofi, G. H. (1988). "Bayhaqī, Abu'l-Fażl". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 8. pp. 889–894.