Algiers Accords (2015)

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Algiers Accords (2015)
Accord for Peace and Reconciliation in Mali
SignedMay 15 and June 20, 2015
LocationBamako, Mali and Algiers, Algeria
Signatories Mali
Coordination of Azawad Movements

The Algiers Accords, officially referred to as the Accord for Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, is a 2015 agreement to end the Mali War. The agreement was signed on May 15 and June 20, 2015, in Bamako, following negotiations in Algiers between the Republic of Mali and Coordination of Azawad Movements.

Background[edit]

In 2013, the Ouagadougou Accords were signed between the Malian government and secessionist Tuareg rebels. Shortly afterward, fighting broke out in Kidal between May 17 and 21, 2014. The Malian army was defeated, and subsequently lost control of Ménaka, Andéramboukane, Anefif, and Kidal.[1][2] Negotiations restarted in Kidal at the behest of the Malian government on May 22, and were mediated by Mauritanian and AU president Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz. The negotiations ended with a return to the stipulations of the Ouagadougou Accords. However, Tuareg separatists remained in control of Kidal and Menaka.[3][4]

Accords[edit]

On February 19, 2015, representatives from the Malian government and the Coordination of Azawad Movements (CMA) agreed upon a new document, including the cessation of hostilities, as negotiations to end the broader war continued in Algiers.[5] On March 1, a mediation agreement was proposed by Algeria, which was accepted by Mali and pro-government militias. The CMA asked for some time to consider the agreement, as there were no propositions for autonomy or federalism for northern Mali, which angered a large portion of Tuareg rebels.[6][7] The CMA announced their refusal to sign the agreement on April 10.[8]

On April 27, the pro-government GATIA and Arab Movement of Azawad (MAA) captured Menaka, initiating new clashes between Tuareg rebels and the pro-government militias.[9] On May 10, the CMA initialized the agreement, but did not sign the text.[10] The peace agreement was signed on May 15 in Bamako by the Malian government, representatives of pro-government militias, and representatives from Algeria, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, the African Union, the United Nations, ECOWAS, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the European Union, and France.[11] No CMA representatives were present for the signing on May 15.[12][13] That same day, fighting broke out near Menaka.[14]

Under pressure from international organizations, the CMA finally signed the agreement in Bamako on June 20. The CMA's representative was Sidi Brahim Ould Sidati, a leader of the MAA.[15]

Implementation[edit]

The Carter Center, who was appointed as the independent observer of the agreement's implementations in 2017, stated that 22% of the accords' provisions were put into effect by 2017, and by 2020, that number had only increased to 23%.[16] While the Malian Army was dispatched to Kidal as per the terms of the agreement, the troops never actually patrolled the city. Similarly, CMA fighters were sent to Gao under similar provisions.[16]

Part of the reason for the lack of implementation was the need for more willingness by the signatories to honor it. A March 2020 survey showed slightly over eighty percent of Malian civilians had little to no knowledge of the peace agreement.[16] The CMA continued to exercise de facto control over the Kidal region, which the Malian government tolerated as Malian government control of the region would force the government to enact constitutional reforms upending the status quo.[16]

Nullification[edit]

Tensions arose between the Malian government and the Permanent Strategic Framework for Peace, Security, and Development (CSP-PSD), a coalition of the CMA and pro-government militias, in August 2023 following the Malian government and allied Wagner Group's atrocities against civilians.[17] The conflict culminated on August 11, 2023, when CSP-PSD fighters clashed with Mali and Wagner over control of the former MINUSMA base in Ber, which MINUSMA hadn't even finished evacuating.[17] This conflict spiraled into a war between the CSP-PSD and the Malian government, and the nullification of the Algiers Agreement.[18]

The Malian government announced its withdrawal from the agreement on January 25, blaming hostility from Algeria.[19]

See also[edit]

Algiers Accords (2006)

References[edit]

  1. ^ AFP. "Au Mali, Kidal et Ménaka sous contrôle des rebelles". Libération (in French). Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  2. ^ "Chassé de Kidal, le gouvernement malien décrète un cessez-le-feu". RFI (in French). 2014-05-22. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  3. ^ "Mali: trois groupes armés à Kidal acceptent un accord de cessez-le-feu". RFI (in French). 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  4. ^ "Mali: les groupes armés à Kidal acceptent un cessez-le-feu avec Bamako". L'Obs (in French). 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  5. ^ "Mali: une déclaration signée à Alger lors des négociations de paix". RFI (in French). 2015-02-20. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  6. ^ "Mali : un "accord de paix et de réconciliation" signé à Alger". Le Point (in French). 2015-03-01. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  7. ^ "Mali: les discussions continuent dans le Nord autour de l'accord d'Alger". RFI (in French). 2015-03-13. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  8. ^ "Nord du Mali: la CMA ne paraphera pas le projet d'accord de paix". RFI (in French). 2015-04-11. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  9. ^ "Nord du Mali: les groupes armés ont paraphé l'accord de paix d'Alger". RFI (in French). 2015-05-14. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  10. ^ "Mali : un accord de paix très fragile pour le Nord". Le Figaro (in French). 2015-05-14. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  11. ^ "Mali: signature de l'accord de paix, sans les principaux groupes rebelles". RFI (in French). 2015-05-15. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  12. ^ "Le Mali signe la paix, mais sans les Touareg". Le Point (in French). 2015-05-15. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  13. ^ "la CMA informe qu'aucun de ses membres n'est présent à la cérémonie de signature à Bamako". mnlamov.net. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  14. ^ Touzet, Jean-Louis Le. "«La situation au Mali a empiré»". Libération (in French). Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  15. ^ "Accord de paix au Mali: scènes de fraternisation entre anciens ennemis". RFI (in French). 2015-06-21. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  16. ^ a b c d "Mali's Algiers Peace Agreement, Five Years On: An Uneasy Calm | Crisis Group". www.crisisgroup.org. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  17. ^ a b "Northern Mali: A Conflict with No Victors | Crisis Group". www.crisisgroup.org. 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  18. ^ "Mali peace deal under threat following increase in attacks by armed Tuareg groups". RFI. 2023-09-13. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  19. ^ "Mali ends peace deal with separatist groups – DW – 01/25/2024". dw.com. Retrieved 2024-01-25.

Further reading[edit]

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