Forest growth models of Canada

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Forest growth models are mathematical or computer models to project the future state and yields of forest stands or forest trees, over a time scale of from a few years to many decades.

Structure and function of growth models vary: some are purely empirical, based on the reproduction of past observations, while others explicitly mimic specific processes relative to tree ecophysiology, stand dynamics, etc. Typically, growth models use forest inventory data and site characteristics, such as soil type, drainage class, average annual temperature, precipitation, etc., as input for growth projections. Most models are calibrated for a given region and a given set of stand types, defined by the species composition and the management regime (even-aged versus uneven-aged stands, managed versus unmanaged stands).

Some models consider only stand growth and dynamics processes, while other can simulate the effect of silviculture practices (plantation, partial harvest, fertilization, etc.).

Typology of models[edit]

Model types[edit]

Scale/resolution[edit]

  • Whole stand model:
  • Stand table model:
  • Tree list model:

Construction[edit]

"Empirical models seek principally to describe the statistical relationships among data with limited regard to an object's internal structure, rules, or behaviour. In contrast, process models seek primarily to describe data using key mechanisms or processes that determine an object's internal structure, rules, and behaviour."[1]

Models can be either distance-independent or distance-dependent. In the later case, geographical positions of trees are known and used for modeling competition and/or dispersion processes.

Forest Region[edit]

  • refers to Forest Regions of Canada[2]

Species[edit]

  1. Eastern SPF: Balsam fir, black, red and white spruce, jack pine
  2. Western SPF: Spruce-Pine-Fir
  3. Other western softwoods: Western Red cedar, western hemlock
  4. Other eastern softwood: white and red pines, eastern white cedar
  5. Tolerant hardwoods: Maples, yellow birch, Beech, Oaks,
  6. Boreal hardwoods: Aspen, white birch

Regime[edit]

  • Even-aged Vs. uneven-aged

Silviculture[edit]

  • Unmanaged Vs. managed stands (plantation, tending, thinning, fertilization, recurrent partial cuttings, etc.)

Yields[edit]

Growth model outputs can fall in the following categories:

  1. Tree attributes: species, diameter at breast height, taper, vigour index, quality grade, crown dimensions, etc.
  2. Stand attributes: living tree density, dead tree density, mean diameter at breast height, dominant height, basal area, crown closure, etc.
  3. Biomass production: biomass or volume per compartment (bole, branches, leafs, roots), carbon storage, etc.
  4. Ecophysiologial indicators: respiration, net productivity, water consumption, heat transfer, etc.
  5. Lumber and fiber products: merchantable volume, lumber volume per grade, pulp volume, wood quality indicators (MOE, MOR,...), etc.
  6. Ecological indicators: volume of large woody debris, snag density, species diversity index, etc.
  7. Economic indicators: net value of standing trees, net present value (NPV), cash flow, land expectation value, etc.

Climate input[edit]

  • Identifies models that consider climate variables as input (temperature, precipitations, etc.)

Regeneration[edit]

  • Identifies models that make projections on natural regeneration (establishment, early growth and survival, or tree recruitment to the merchantable stand).

Catalog[edit]

Please refer to the lexicon for the definitions of the variables and the categories used in this table.

Model Name Type Province Forest Region Species Regime Silviculture Yields Climate inputs Regeneration References and Notes
Plonski's normal yield tables Stand yield model Ontario Boreal, Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Eastern SPF, Tolerant hardwoods, Other Eastern softwoods Even-aged Unmanaged, Plantation 2, 5 No No Plonski,W.L. 1974 Normal yield tables (metric) for major forest tree species of Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 40p.[3]
Vezina & Linteau's normal yield tables Stand yield model Quebec Boreal, Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Eastern SPF Even-aged Unmanaged stands 2, 5 No No Vezina,P.E. and Linteau, A. 1968. Growth and yield of balsam fir and black spruce in Quebec. Department of Forestry and rural development, Forest Research Laboratory, Quebec Region, Information Report Q-X-2, 58p.
Boudoux's empirical yield tables Stand yield model Quebec Boreal, Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Eastern SPF Even-aged Unmanaged stands 2, 5 No No Boudoux,M. 1978. Tables de rendement empiriques pour l'épinette noire, le sapin baumier et le pin gris au Québec. Gouvernement du Québec, ministère des Terres et Forêts, COGEF, 101p.
Pothier & Savard's empirical yield tables Stand yield model Quebec Boreal, Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Eastern SPF, Boreal hardwoods, Other Eastern softwoods Even-aged Unmanaged stands 2, 5 No No Pothier,D. & Savard,F. 1998. Actualisation des tables de production pour les principales espèces forestières du Québec. Gouvernement du Québec, ministère des Ressources naturelles, Québec. 183 p.[4]
Bolghari & Bertrand's empirical yield tables Stand yield model Quebec Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Eastern SPF, Other Eastern softwoods Even-aged Plantation 2, 5 No No
Artemis2009 Stand table model Quebec Boreal, Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Eastern SPF, Other Eastern softwoods, Tolerant hardwoods, Boreal hardwoods Even-aged and Uneven-aged Unmanaged and managed stands 1, 2, 5 Yes Yes Fortin, M. & Langevin, L., 2010. ARTÉMIS-2009 : [5] Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, Direction de la recherche forestière. 48 p.
Natura2009 Stand yield model Quebec Boreal, Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Species Even-aged Unmanaged 2, 5 Yes No Pothier,D.& Auger,I. 2011. NATURA-2009 : un modèle de prévision de la croissance à l'échelle du peuplement pour les forêts du Québec. Mémoire de recherche forestière n° 163. Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, Direction de la recherche forestière. 56 p.[6]
SaMARE Stand table model Quebec Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Tolerant hardwoods Uneven-aged Managed (selection system) 1, 2, 5 Yes Yes Fortin, M., Bédard, S. & Deblois, J., 2009. SaMARE : un modèle par tiges individuelles destiné à la prévision de la croissance des érablières de structure inéquienne du Québec méridional.  Mémoire de recherche forestière n° 155. Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, Direction de la recherche forestière. 44 p.[7]
Zelig-CFS Stand table model Quebec Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Tolerant hardwoods, Other eastern softwoods Uneven-aged Managed 1, 2, 5 Yes Yes Larocque, G.R.; Archambault, L.; Delisle, C., 2011. Development of the gap model ZELIG-CFS to predict the dynamics of North American mixed forest types with complex structures. Ecol. Model. 222:2570-2583[8]
FVS-Ontario Stand table model Ontario Forest Region Species Even-aged and uneven-aged Unmanaged 1, 2, 5 Lacerte, V. Forest vegetation simulator model calibration for Ontario (FVS Ontario). Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service, Quebec. Information Report LAU-X-132. 91p.[9] Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service, Quebec. Information Report LAU-X-132. 91p.
CropPlanner Type Ontario Boreal Eastern SPF Even-aged Managed (Plantation, precommercial and commercial thinnings) No No "A decision support system for forest density management within upland black spruce stand-types."[10]
Staman Stand table model New Brunswick Acadian Forests Eastern SPF, Tolerant hardwoods Even-aged and uneven-aged Silviculture 1, 2, 5 "Calibration of the STAMAN stand growth model to produce yield curves for spaced tolerant hardwood stands in New Brunswick"[11]
OSM Tree list model New Brunswick Maine, Maritimes Acadian Forests Even-aged and uneven-aged Unmanaged, Extensive & Intensively Managed 1, 2, 5
Biolley Stand table model Quebec, Ontario Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Species Uneven-aged Managed 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 Yes Yes
SORTIE Type Quebec Boreal, Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Species Uneven-aged Yes
COHORTE Type Quebec Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Tolerant hardwoods, Boreal hardwoods, Eastern SPF Uneven-aged Managed (Selection system) 1, 2, 5 Yes "Cohorte : Modèle de croissance et d’évolution de la qualité adapté à l’application de coupes partielles."[12]
MERIS Type Quebec Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Tolerant hardwoods Uneven-aged Managed (Selection system) 1, 2, 5, 7 Yes Simulation module working with SaMARE to evaluate economic yields of uneven-aged silviculture[13]
MGM distance-independent, individual tree-based Alberta Boreal Boreal hardwoods, Western SPF Even-aged Unmanaged 1,2 Mixedwood Growth Model (MGM)[14]
FORECAST British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan 3 FORECAST (model)[15]
TASS Type British Columbia Forest Region No
TIPSY Type British Columbia Forest Region Western SPF Even-aged Managed (Plantations) 2, 5 No
SYLVER Type British Columbia Forest Region Western SPF Even-aged Managed 2,5,7 No System for evaluating the impact of Silviculture on Yield, Lumber Value, and Economic Return

https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hts/growth/sylver/sylver_description.html[dead link]

Di Lucca, C.M. 1999. TASS/SYLVER/TIPSY: systems for predicting the impact of silvicultural practices on yield, lumber value, economic return and other benefits. In: Stand Density Management Conference: Using the Planning Tools. November 23-24, 1998, Colin R. Bamsey [Ed.] Clear Lake Ltd., Edmonton, AB. pp. 7-16. https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hts/growth/download/TASS_SYLVER_TIPSY(DiLucca1999).pdf[dead link]

TADAM Type British Columbia Forest Region Western SPF Even-aged Managed (Plantations) 2, 5 "TADAM: A dynamic whole-stand approximation for the TASS growth model"[16]

"TADAM"[17]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Korzukhin, Michael D.; Ter-Mikaelian, Michael T.; Wagner, Robert G. (1996-05-01). "Process versus empirical models: which approach for forest ecosystem management?". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 26 (5): 879–887. doi:10.1139/x26-096. ISSN 0045-5067.
  2. ^ "Forest classification | Natural Resources Canada". www.nrcan.gc.ca. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
  3. ^ "INTRODUCTION TO PLONSKI'S NORMAL YIELD TABLES". flash.lakeheadu.ca. Archived from the original on August 11, 2007. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  4. ^ "Actualisation des tables de production pour les principales espèces forestières du Québec" (PDF). mffp.gouv.qc.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 29, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  5. ^ "un modèle de croissance basé sur une approche par tiges individuelles pour les forêts du Québec. Mémoire de recherche forestière n° 156" (PDF). mffp.gouv.qc.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 29, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  6. ^ "un modèle de prévision de la croissance à l'échelle du peuplement pour les forêts du Québec. Mémoire de recherche forestière n° 163" (PDF). mffp.gouv.qc.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 29, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  7. ^ "un modèle par tiges individuelles destiné à la prévision de la croissance des érablières de structure inéquienne du Québec méridional. Mémoire de recherche forestière n° 155" (PDF). mffp.gouv.qc.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 29, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  8. ^ "Development of the gap model ZELIG-CFS to predict the dynamics of North American mixed forest types with complex structures". cfs.nrcan.gc.ca. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  9. ^ "Forest vegetation simulator model calibration for Ontario (FVS Ontario)". publications.gc.ca. July 2002. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  10. ^ Government of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service (2012). "A decision support system for forest density management within upland black spruce stand-types". Environmental Modelling & Software. 35: 171–187. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.02.019. Retrieved 2016-02-24.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "Calibration of the STAMAN stand growth model to produce yield curves for spaced tolerant hardwood stands in New Brunswick | UNB Scholar". unbscholar.lib.unb.ca. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
  12. ^ "Cohorte : Modèle de croissance et d'évolution de la qualité adapté à l'application de coupes partielles " (PDF). isfort.uqo.ca. Retrieved February 24, 2018.[permanent dead link]
  13. ^ "Modèle d'évaluation de rentabilité des investissements sylvicoles (MÉRIS". bmmb.gouv.qc.ca. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  14. ^ "Mixedwood Growth Model (MGM) - University of Alberta". www.rr.ualberta.ca. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
  15. ^ "Forecast Ecosystem Model". web.forestry.ubc.ca. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  16. ^ García, Oscar (2005-11-01). "TADAM: A dynamic whole-stand approximation for the TASS growth model". The Forestry Chronicle. 81 (6): 815. doi:10.5558/tfc81815-6. ISSN 0015-7546.
  17. ^ "TADAM". forestgrowth.unbc.ca. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
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