Lambertella corni-maris

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Lambertella corni-maris
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Leotiomycetes
Order: Helotiales
Family: Rutstroemiaceae
Genus: Lambertella
Species:
L. corni-maris
Binomial name
Lambertella corni-maris
Höhn. (1918)
Synonyms

Lambertella corni-maris f. pyrina Höhn.

Lambertella corni-maris is a small ascomycete fungi. It grows in deciduous fruit areas,[1] and causes postharvest Lambertella rot on apple fruits.[2] The species also forms a mycoparasitism relationship with Monilinia fructigena. It is the type species of the genus Lambertella.[3]

Taxonomy[edit]

Lambertella corni-maris was first described in 1918, and named for Lambert Gelbenegger.[4] The genus Lambertella was created for the discovery of L. corni-maris.[3]

Description[edit]

When found on apples or grown on rotting fruit in the lab, L. corni-maris forms apothecia. The apothecia are positively phototropic, though light does not affect growth.[3] They vary in shape and color depending on maturity. They begin crateriform, then saucer-shaped, then flatten as they mature. They range from pale pink to dark brown, varied by location and age.[1] Apothecia found on apples ranges from 1 to 5 mm, while those found on pears ranged from 1.5 to 7.5 mm.[1]

Asci are shortly stalked, clavate, and inoperculate.[1][3] The average size of asci is 100 x 7.5 μm.[1] Asci contain eight ovoid spores, which begin colorless, and turn dark brown as they mature. Spores are unicellular and contain two vacuoles.[1] Paraphyses are colorless, aseptate and unbranched, and numerous, either equal to or exceeding the number of asci.[1][3]

Lambertella corni-maris has several unique features noted when grown on agar. Its most favorable medium contains glucose and peptone as sources of carbon and nitrogen.[1] Optimum pH for growth is 4.4, though growth occurs from pH 1.6-8.3.[1] The species tends to grow towards areas higher in acidity.[1] It can grow in temperatures ranging from 5° to 30° C, and the optimum temperature is 20° C.[1][5] No growth occurs at 30° C or above.[6] While it is most often found on apples in the wild, under lab conditions it can cause disease on the fruits of pear, plum, quince, orange, lemon,[2] as well as turnip and parsnip.[1] It did not attack when inoculated in young wood of apple, pear, cherry, and plum.[1]

Distribution[edit]

Lambertella corni-maris was first discovered in Austria on cherry fruits.[7] It is distributed throughout western Europe, and has also been noted in Japan, and the Pacific northwest United States.[1][2][3][5][6]

Postharvest rot and mycoparasitism[edit]

Lambertella corni-maris causes the disease postharvest rot, found most often on apples. Several proposed names for this disease are yellow rot,[2] or Lambertella rot.[6] It likely infects fruit through wounds that occur during harvest,[6] as in the lab, non-wounded apples did not develop yellow rot.[2] The excretion of the cell wall degrading enzyme pectinase allows L. corni-maris to attack fruits.[1] It causes brown spongy lesions on apple fruits, and may also grow thick yellow mycelia.[2]

Lambertella corni-maris displays antagonism to many species of fungi and bacteria.[7] It can live alone as an apple fruit pathogen, but will also replace Monilinia species on fruit.[5] L. corni-maris displays allelopathic activity against Monilinia fructigena, which is a species that causes brown rot on apples.[5] In this interaction, L. corni-maris secretes the antibiotic lambertellols A and B.[5] The lambertellols are produced both in the presence and absence of the host M. fructigena.[7] Lambertellol production also increases under acidic conditions, or in the presence of M. fructigena, which has been found to make its surroundings acidic.[7] Lambertellols A and B inhibit hyphal germination of M. fructigena.[8] In acidic conditions, lambertellols A and B become stable, allowing them to diffuse towards the host. A and B then decompose into lambertellin, which inhibits the host and allows infection by L. corni-maris.[9] This interaction has been reported to occur on potato sucrose agar and on apple fruits.[9] The antagonistic biotic environment caused by L. corni-maris may have driven genetic divergence between Japanese and European strains of M. fructigena[10].

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Harrison, T.H.; El-Helaly, A.F. (1935). "On Lambertella Corni-maris von Höhnel, a brown-spored parasitic discomycete". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 19 (3): 199–IN3. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(35)80011-9. ISSN 0007-1536.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Amiri, Achour; Hawkins, Aaron W.; Mulvaney, Katie A. (2017). "Study of Fitness, Virulence, and Fungicide Sensitivity of Lambertella corni-maris Causing Yellow Rot on Apple". Plant Disease. 101 (5): 738–743. doi:10.1094/pdis-08-16-1101-re. ISSN 0191-2917.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Zhao, Yan-Jie; Hosaka, Kentaro; Hosoya, Tsuyoshi (2016-09-19). "Taxonomic re-evaluation of the genus Lambertella (Rutstroemiaceae, Helotiales) and allied stroma-forming fungi". Mycological Progress. 15 (12): 1215–1228. doi:10.1007/s11557-016-1225-5. ISSN 1617-416X.
  4. ^ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022-01-25). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen: Von Menschen & ihren Pflanzen. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8.
  5. ^ a b c d e Vasić, Miljan; Vico, Ivana; Jurick, Wayne M.; Duduk, Bojan; Duduk, Nataša (2022-10-10). "The dual nature of Lambertella corni-maris as an apple fruit pathogen and antagonist of Monilinia spp". Mycological Progress. 21 (11): 91. doi:10.1007/s11557-022-01841-w. ISSN 1861-8952.
  6. ^ a b c d Wiseman, M. S.; Dugan, F. M.; Kim, Y. K.; Xiao, C. L. (2015-02-01). "A Postharvest Fruit Rot of Apple Caused by Lambertella corni-maris in Washington State". Plant Disease. 99 (2): 201–206. doi:10.1094/PDIS-03-14-0327-RE. ISSN 0191-2917.
  7. ^ a b c d Wood, R. K. S. (1953-06-01). "The antagonism of Lambertella cornimaris to fungi and bacteria". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 36 (2): 109–110. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(53)80055-0. ISSN 0007-1536.
  8. ^ Murakami, Takanori; Sasaki, Akane; Fukushi, Eri; Kawabata, Jun; Hashimoto, Masaru; Okuno, Toshikatsu (2005-05-16). "Lambertellol C, a labile and novel biosynthetic congener of lambertellols A and B". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 15 (10): 2587–2590. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.036. ISSN 0960-894X.
  9. ^ a b Hirose, Akane; Kudo, Shinji; Murakami, Takanori; Tanaka, Kazuaki; Harada, Yukio; Hashimoto, Masaru (2014-04-15). "Lambertellin system, the mechanism for fungal replacement of Monilinia fructigena with Lambertella corni-maris without competitive inhibition on agar media". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 22 (8): 2489–2495. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.051. ISSN 0968-0896.
  10. ^ Van Leeuwen, Gerard C. M.; Baa Yen, Robert P.; Holb, Imre J.; Jeger, Michael J. (2002-04-01). "Distinction of the Asiatic brown rot fungus Monilia polystroma sp. nov. from M. fructigena". Mycological Research. 106 (4): 444–451. doi:10.1017/S0953756202005695. ISSN 0953-7562.
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