Oseberg tapestry fragments
| Oseberg Tapestry Fragments | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Year | 834AD |
| Medium | Silk, Flax |
| Location | Viking Ship Museum in Oslo, Norway |
The Oseberg tapestry is a fragmentary tapestry, discovered within the Viking Oseberg ship burial in Norway.
The tapestry (dated to about 834AD)[1] is 16 to 23 centimeters in width, but the full length is unknown. The tapestry is filled with a large assortment of human and animal figures with varying interpretations. It is made from wool, silk, and flax.
The frgaments were found in 1904 in Norway inside of a well-preserved Viking ship, along with numerous other grave goods and two female bodies.
Discovery and Excavation[edit]
The Oseberg find was excavated in the summer of 1904 on the Oseberg farm at Slagen, not far from Tønsberg.[2] The burial mound was excavated by Professor Gabriel Gustafson and his team from the University of Oslo.[1]
Due to the amount of clay, soil, and peat packed together so tightly, it allowed for an unbelievable quality of preservation of all the wooden objects and also all other organic materials contained in the ship, including the ship itself. It is thought to be the best-preserved grave from the Viking Age.[1]
Unfortunately, the ship and all of the contents inside were not left undisturbed until its 1904 excavation. Presumably around the Middle Ages, robbers had broken into the grave through a hole in the bow of the ship and into the burial chamber of the ship.[2] The entirety of the ship itself was also in poor shape, as the large amount of stones contained within the ship had caused considerable sinkage, and in turn, caused the ship to be broken up into thousands of pieces which then had to be painstakingly put back together.[2]
The tapestry was one of a number of textile remains found in the Oseberg ship in 1904. Other finds included rolled-up rugs, tapestries, and curtains. Most are embroidered with mythological and battle scenes. There was no representation of the ship's owner.[3]
Most of the textiles that were found within the ship were found in the burial chamber. They had also been pressed together in hard "cakes" due to the clay and soil that filled the inside of the ship, which had also been a very difficult job to disintegrate. Some of these textiles were also stuck to large clumps of feathers, which originally were in the beds of the burial chamber.[2]
Remains[edit]
At the entrance of the ship that the robbers had created, the skeletal remains of two people were found lying on the beds of the burial chamber.
These remains that were found within the burial mound were assumed to be female, even prior to analysis of the physical remains themselves. Gustafson was able to come to the conclusion that this was a grave for a pair of women due to the textile remnants they were found with, along with tools for making textiles.[4][5] The women were assumed to be some kind of royalty due to the elaborate nature of the burial mound and its contents. They have been labeled as queens, queen-consorts, widowed queens, or kings mothers.[4]
The skeletal remains of horses, oxen, and dogs were also found in and around the burial mound.[1][5]
Other Grave Goods[edit]
Most of the artifacts that were buried within the ship alongside the women were found in the forepart of the ship.[5] Many of the ship’s tools such as the oars, a gangway, a bailing vessel, tubs, pails, etc. were found here. There was also an ornamented cart, decorated sleighs, and a word sled found within these artifacts.[1] Skeletons of animals were also found in and around the ship.[5][1]
Some personal effects that were found with these women were chests, buckets, and carved posts in the shape of animal heads. There was no jewelry found on or around the remains, which led archaeologists to come to the conclusion that any had been stolen by the robbers, as personal jewelry is an important factor in a Viking woman’s burial.[5]
Description[edit]
The tapestry is in poor condition and is assumed to be a part of the funeral offering of the ship burial. Due to its state of decay several years were required for its extraction, and today its extraction is still yet to be completed.[2]
The tapestries consist of an assortment of both people and animals, as well as ships, wagons, and houses. The tapestry is an example of both Viking Age narrative art, and decorated textiles from Scandinavia in this period, both of which being extremely rare survivors.[6]
The two largest, which are also the most well-preserved fragments, depict figures of armed people and animals moving to the left as if they are part of a funeral procession or religious ceremony.[3][6]The precession is headed towards a great tree with corpses hanging from it; it is unknown what this represents.[6] The fragments also contain a scene featuring two black birds hovering over a horse, possibly originally pulling a wagon as a part of the procession.[7] The most central and prominent figures in this scene are two covered, horse-drawn carriages.[3] Between them, there is an assortment of male and female figures walking and riding together, some carrying objects such as spears, which were seen as Odin's special weapon.[3][6] Some figures depicted in this procession appear to wear ritual costumes, as one figure is depicted in a horned helmet while another wears an animal-head mask.[6]
Due to the loss of most of its original coloring, the material of these fragments consists mostly of shades of brown and grey.[3]
Anne Stine Ingstad interprets these birds as Huginn and Muninn flying over a covered cart containing an image of Odin with a horned helmet, drawing comparison with the images of the goddess Nerthus who is attested by Tacitus in 1 A.D. and he associated with "Mother Earth".[7]
The tapestry is stylistically similar to the Bayeux tapestry.
Graves have shown that the Vikings loved the expensive fabrics, which were acquired through trade. Their clothes were decorated with delicate embroidery, sometimes in gold thread.
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f Vedeler, Marianne (2014). Silk for the Vikings. Ancient textiles series. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-78297-215-0.
- ^ a b c d e Sjøvold, Thorleif (1966). The Oseberg find: and the other Viking ship finds. Oslo: Universitetets Oldsaksamling.
- ^ a b c d e Vedeler, Marianna (2019-01-01). "The Oseberg Tapestries". The Oseberg Tapestries.
- ^ a b Pedersen, Unn (2023-10-18). "The power of beauty: The Oseberg ship burial and its finurlighet". Primitive Tider (Spesialutgave): 173–182. doi:10.5617/pt.10695. ISSN 2535-6194.
- ^ a b c d e Sjøvold, Thorleif (1958). "A Royal Viking Burial". Archaeology. 11 (3): 190–199. ISSN 0003-8113.
- ^ a b c d e Graham-Campbell, James (2013). Viking art. World of art (1. publ ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20419-1.
- ^ a b Ingstad, Anne Stine (1995). "The Interpretation of the Oseberg-find" as published in Crumlin-Pedersen, Ole and Thye, Birgitte Munch (Editors). The Ship as Symbol in Prehistoric and Medieval Scandinavia: Papers from an International Research Seminar at the Danish National Museum, Copenhagen, 5–7 May 1994. Page 141-142, Nationalmuseet. ISBN 87-89384-01-6
