Zhovtyi kniaz

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Zhovtyi kniaz
AuthorVasyl Barka
Original titleЖовтий князь
LanguageUkrainian
GenreNovel
Publication date
1963 (1 vol.)
2008 (1+2 vol.)

Zhovtyi kniaz (Ukrainian: Жовтий князь, lit. 'The Yellow Knyaz') is a 1963 novel by the Ukrainian writer Vasyl Barka. The novel was about the Holodomor genocide of the Ukrainian nation in 1932–1933.

Publication history[edit]

Barka began writing down his memories and witness statements in 1943 while he was in a displaced Persons camp in Germany and began to analyse the records in New York in 1950. He has been thinking about the topic of the Holodomor genocide for 25 years whether to be a poem, drama or novel. He alleged that "Everything was somehow disorganised, first was a "working model" for the plot emerged. This plot is a true story of the fate of one family." Then Vasyl revised six hundred manuscript pages of the Zhovtyi kniaz thoroughly four times and rewrote everything from beginning to end.[1]

The title of the work is an allusion to the biblical rider on a yellow horse in Revelation 6:8 (pale = pale yellow).[2]

Conception[edit]

The novel is based on Vasyl Barka's personal memoirs of the genocide of Ukrainians in 1932–1933, organised by the USSR government.[3] Although Barka did not personally visit the village in those years, he preserved the exact memories of his brother, whose family was tortured by starvation. After that, he spent twenty-five years carefully collecting witness accounts of the Holodomor genocide, which gave rise to broad literary generalisations.

The writer depicts the catastrophe of the Ukrainian nation during the Holodomor through the personal tragedy of the Katrannyk family, of whom only the youngest son, Andriyko,[4] survives: a typical situation from real life. The pictures of the family's life are filled with striking, frightening details. But in all situations, the characters remain faithful to provincial and human morality. Even the hungry, dying Myron Danylovych does not reveal the location of the church chalice, a shrine hidden from Komsomol gangs.

Andriyko also wants to share his last bread with a complete stranger, a woman on the verge of starvation. This story is in line with the numerous instances of charity witnessed in the face of death.

The novel ends optimistically, with a new day dawning on the earth, bringing hope.

When Radio Liberty commemorated the 30th anniversary of the Holodomor in 1963, the programme featured a speech by Vasyl Barka in which the author spoke about his novel Zhovtyi kniaz:

The novel Zhovtyi kniaz tells the story of one family in 1932-1933; one white house that turned black and turned into a coffin. Its fate is depicted against the backdrop of the life, or actually the dying, of the entire Ukraine during the famine, the 30th anniversary of which we are now observing.

The story is based on personal memories and many details of that time, collected over the years. Most typical cases of the terrible era are reflected in the novel. The story has three plans of content: the first, a completely realistic account of all the domestic dramas of one family and its clashes with the outside world, during trips and travels in search of food. The second plan of the story is entirely psychological, depicting the unusual changes in mental life caused by mass starvation. The dying people, though mortally indifferent to everything in the world except food, for the most part retained their humanity: in the deepest corner, at the bottom of their hearts. They remained people, better than those who caused the famine and lived contentedly during the national misery and death. The third plan of the story is metaphysical, purely spiritual: with the opening of the curtain from the mysterious and terrible world of the immaterial world, which is unknown to us, opposed to heaven and humanity. Here is one of the pages of the spiritual war of human souls against their enemy.

In this struggle, the whole nation suffers its greatest and most terrible test.[5]

Barka worked on the second volume of the novel almost until the last days of his life, in a feverish hurry, anticipating that he would not have time to finish it properly. Bohdanna Monchak, who typed the handwritten text of this volume on a computer, recalls that the author managed to proofread only the first chapter. Nevertheless, the artistic quality of the second volume is in no way inferior to that of the first, and the psychological and metaphysical elements here are even superior to the previous ones.

Vasyl Barka also worked on the topic of the Holodomor genocide in other works, in particular in his poetry. There we find overlaps between biblical stories and the history of the Holodomor:

The sunflowers pray: The thunder on the cloud reads the Bible… the poplar whispers: How terrible is your cry, Isaiah!
The sunflowers are praying. Famine; a mother kills her baby… the poplar cries out: how great is my paradise, Isaiah!

Main characters[edit]

  • Myron Danylovych Katrannyk was the Daria's husband;
  • Dariia Oleksandrivna Katrannyk was the Myron's wife;
  • Mykola Myronovych Katrannyk was the first child of Daria and Myron;
  • Olena Myronivna Katrannyk was the daughter of Dariia and Myron;
  • Andrii Myronovych Katrannyk was the youngest son of Dariia and Myron;
  • Kharytyna Hryhorivna Katrannyk was the Myron's mother.

Publication history[edit]

The first volume of the novel (the author called it a novella[6]) was published in 1963 by the publishing company “Suchasnist”[7] (New York-Munich).[8]

At the same time, the author addressed the following letter to Soviet writers in Ukraine:

In the year 1933, millions of sisters and brothers dear to all of us, our flesh and bone and blood, those from among whom we came, were despised and feared, and in this misery were crushed by the Juggernaut's chariot of organised, ordered famine - crushed to death.

But let's ask: why is it still forbidden to mention those ten million desecrated souls from our nation?

Silence! We understand and do not blame: because it is forbidden.[9]

So, when it is still not allowed to raise your voice for the victims of the famine, at least read a modest story about them by an author who gave up everything in his life to finally be able to tell about them.

In 1968, the novel was reprinted in New York by the Ukrainian National Women's League of America.

And in 1981, Zhovtyi kniaz was published in French by the prestigious French publishing Gallimard (as Le Prince jaune[10]) in a translation by Olha Yavorska [uk] with a foreword by the French writer Petro Ravych [uk].[11]

Zhovtyi kniaz was also published in German as Der Gelbe Fürst.

In Ukraine, Zhovtyi kniaz became available to readers in 1991: it was published by Dnipro [uk] publishing house with a foreword by academician Mykola Zhulynskyi [uk].

After Ukraine's liberation from the USSR in 1991, Vasyl Barka's work was included in the Ukrainian literature curriculum in secondary schools. However, after Viktor Yanukovych came to the presidency, the Ministry of Education insisted on replacing this work with another that did not address the genocide of Ukrainians in 1932–1933. At the same time, Minister of Education Dmytro Tabachnyk demagogically referred to the low literary quality of Barka's work.[12][13][14]

Based on this novel, Oles Yanchuk [uk] created the film Famine-33[15] at the Dovzhenko Film Studios.[16] In December 1991, before the referendum, it was shown all night on all Ukrainian television channels, while Gorbachev's speech was also shown, where he threatened Ukraine with "blood, fire and devastation" if citizens voted for independence,[8] and it undoubtedly influenced the viewers' decision to vote for Ukraine's independence.[17]

Reviews[edit]

Reviews of the French press after the publication by Gallimard: Art presse: "A good book. A terrible book... A great tragic work that is absolutely worth reading";

Le républikain Lorran: "Seven million Ukrainians died from persecution and starvation… this is a book so moving that even the hardened heart will respond to it."

La nouvelle revue française: "Organised Ukrainians should nominate the master of the creator word for the Nobel Prize"[18]

In the US, the Secretary of Agriculture called this work "one of the main sources for studying the history of the USSR's agricultural policy".[19]

Translations[edit]

The novel has been translated into French (1981), Russian (1991 — magazine version, 2001 — book version), German (2009), Italian (2017) and Macedonian (2023).[20]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Микола Жулинський [uk], «Із розмови Миколи Жулинського з Василем Баркою. 3 липня 1989 року», Літературна Україна, 20 серпня 1998 р.
  2. ^ Ukrainian: Об'явлення 6:8 "І я глянув, і ось кінь чалий. А той, хто на ньому сидів, на ім’я йому Смерть, за ним же слідом ішов Ад. І дана їм влада була на четвертій частині землі забивати мечем, і голодом, і мором, і земними звірми." (в перекладі Івана Огієнка), lit. 'Revelation 6:8 "And I looked, and behold, a pale horse, and his name that sat on him was Death, and Hell followed with him. And power was given unto them over a fourth part of the earth to kill with sword, and with hunger, and with death, and with the beasts of the earth" (21st Century King James Version)'
  3. ^ "90-ті роковини Голодомору: 5 книжок про геноцид українців". Elle – модний жіночий журнал (in Ukrainian). 2023-11-25. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
  4. ^ Ukrainian: Андрійко, romanized: Andriiko
  5. ^ Микола Вірний [uk], «Жовтий князь тоді і тепер», цит. праця, ст.63 —64.
  6. ^ Ukrainian: повість, romanized: povist'
  7. ^ Ukrainian: Сучасність, romanized: Suchasnist', lit. 'Modernity'
  8. ^ a b Василь Барка - автор першого твору про Голодомор: історія життя, архівні записи інтерв'ю (in Ukrainian), 2023-11-28, retrieved 2024-03-02
  9. ^ Микола Вірний [uk], «Василь Барка — поет з відчуттям небесних сил», цит. праця, с. 43—44.
  10. ^ "Le Prince jaune". Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  11. ^ Barka wanted everyone to know about Pierre Ravitch, saying:

    I want all Ukrainians to know, both abroad and at home, that a French writer, laureate, author of the wonderful novel The Blood of Heaven, which has been translated into other European languages, played a decisive role in bringing Zhovtyi knyaz to Gallimard: his name is Pierre Ravitch. He was the first in the wider world to pay attention to Zhovtyi knyaz and gave a very favorable note in Le Monde. And when I approached him about translating it, he set himself a huge task: to study all the essential issues in the history of the Ukrainian people and their current situation… Pierre Ravitch comes from a Jewish family; and if anyone in our time has given the most outstanding and instructive example of Jewish-Ukrainian cooperation, it is Pierre Ravitch. He famously, in the incomparable excellence of his work, opened the era of cooperation for the decades that followed.

    Микола Вірний [uk], «Василь Барка — поет з відчуттям небесних сил», цит. праця, ст.46.

  12. ^ Zaxid.net (7 February 2011). "У Львові студенти пожертвували по 5 копійок Табачнику на книжку". ZAXID.NET. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  13. ^ "Забужко звинувачує Табачника в інтелектуальній крадіжці національного масштабу". tyzhden.ua (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  14. ^ "Табачник вилучив твори про Голодомор із зовнішнього тестування". ТСН.ua (in Ukrainian). 2011-12-16. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  15. ^ Ukrainian: Голод-33, romanized: Holod-33
  16. ^ "4 фільми про Голодомор, які показують правду". vogue.ua (in Ukrainian). 2023-11-25. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
  17. ^ "Не знали, виживали, мовчали". www.golos.com.ua (in Ukrainian). 2022-11-26. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
  18. ^ Леонід Полтава [uk], «Жовтий князь» з Свободи, 19 грудня 1967 р. Микола Вірний [uk], цит. праця, ст. 47 —48.
  19. ^ «Barka's The Yllow Prince reveals horrors of famine», The Ukrainian Weekly, Sunday, June 14, 1981.
  20. ^ "У Північній Македонії пам'ять жертв Голодомору вшанували низкою заходів". www.ukrinform.ua (in Ukrainian). 2023-11-26. Retrieved 2024-03-02.

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

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