Hypoplectrus gummigutta

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Hypoplectrus gummigutta
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Serranidae
Subfamily: Serraninae
Genus: Hypoplectrus
Species:
H. gummigutta
Binomial name
Hypoplectrus gummigutta
(Poey, 1852)
Synonyms[2]
  • Plectropoma gummigutta Poey, 1852

Hypoplectrus gummigutta, commonly called the golden hamlet, is a species of marine ray-finned fish. They are sea bass from the subfamily Serraninae and the greater family Serranidae, which also includes the groupers and anthias. The golden hamlet was first described in 1852 by zoologist Felipe Poey (1799-1891) as Plectropoma gummigutta before being given its accepted name: Hypoplectrus gummigutta.[3] It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean and occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade.[2]

Description[edit]

The golden hamlet is morphologically similar to all other hamlets.[4][5] It has a laterally compressed head with a short snout and a straight forehead. The single dorsal fin has 14–17 rays. It has long pelvic fins and a slightly forked caudal fin.[6] The head, body, and fins are golden-yellow. On the head, there are typically one or more possibly large dark spots bordered by iridescent blue.[7] Sometimes their back is colored grey.[8] The species has a maximum recorded length of 13.2 centimeters (5.20 in).[9]

Distribution[edit]

Hamlets are tropical fish found only in the western Atlantic Ocean, specifically in the Caribbean, off the coast of Brazil, and in the Gulf of Mexico.[8][9][10][11][12] H. gummigutta, however, does not have as wide of a distribution as the rest of its genus. In one study, they were shown to be one of the least widely distributed species of the genus.[11] H. gummigutta were once thought to be absent from Mexico and rare in the Dominican Republic, though this has been disproven.[13] Rather, they are rare in Puerto Rico and Mexico, but relatively common in the Dominican Republic.[11] As a whole, they are rarely found east of the Mona Passage, which cuts across the space between Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico.[14]  

Habitat[edit]

Hypoplectrus gummigutta are tropical coral reef fish not found outside the western Atlantic Ocean.[5][11] They tend to stay close to the bottom and may hide in crevices when not swimming.[14] Though similar in many ways to the other members of the Hypoplectrus genus, H. gummigutta differs in that they are found at greater depths than other hamlets, sometimes at more than 25 meters (82 ft).[8]

Diet[edit]

Golden hamlets are predatory carnivores with a diet similar to other hamlets, consisting of small reef-dwelling fishes and invertebrates.[5][8][10][15] Crustaceans, such as shrimp and crabs, make up most of their diet.[5]

Reproduction[edit]

H. gummigutta, like the other members of the Hypoplectrus genus, are simultaneous hermaphrodites. They simultaneously have both male and female sex organs and produce both sperm and eggs.[10] However, they do not self-fertilize, like some other simultaneous hermaphrodites.[16] Instead, they mate by pairing with another H. gummigutta and switching between the male and female role.[16] To initiate a mating, one hamlet assumes the female role and advertises its eggs, offering them up for fertilization in exchange for the chance to fertilize another's eggs. This phenomenon is known as egg-trading.[16] The two hamlets alternate roles several times, releasing their eggs gradually to ensure reciprocal fertilization.[17] This courtship is somewhat dance-like and lasts around an hour.[17] Hamlets spawn daily in the late afternoon, just before sunset.[10][17] H. gummigutta displays no parental care; fertilization is external and takes place after eggs are released into the water, where they disperse and grow into larvae. Larvae are planktonic.[16][18]

Golden hamlets exhibit color-assortative mating, choosing to mate primarily with those of the same species, as demarcated by color pattern.[10][19] Despite mating preference, no reproductive barrier exists between different species of hamlets mating.[5][19] Hamlet hybridization is not common, but does occasionally occur, resulting in an offspring with a color pattern between those of its parents.[5][8]

It has been hypothesized that hybridization of the golden and black hamlets generated the shy, yellowbelly, and yellowtail hamlets.[7] However, there is currently no evidence for this, and it is considered very unlikely.[7]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Anderson, W.; Carpenter, K.E.; Gilmore, G.; Milagrosa Bustamante, G.; Robertson, R. (2015). "Hypoplectrus gummigutta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T16751128A16781773. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T16751128A16781773.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Hypoplecrus gummigutta" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
  3. ^ Eschmeyer WN, Fricke R, van der Laan R. "Plectropoma gummigutta". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  4. ^ Whiteman EA, Côté IM, Reynolds JD (2007). "Ecological differences between hamlet (Hypoplectrus: Serranidae) colour morphs: between-morph variation in diet". Journal of Fish Biology. 71 (1): 235–244. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01485.x. ISSN 1095-8649.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Garcia-Machado E, Monteagudo PC, Solignac M (2004-01-01). "Lack of mtDNA differentiation among hamlets ( Hypoplectrus , Serranidae)". Marine Biology. 144 (1): 147–152. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1174-9. hdl:1834/4569. S2CID 84589000.
  6. ^ "Shorefishes - The Fishes - Taxa". biogeodb.stri.si.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  7. ^ a b c Domeier, Michael L. Speciation in the serranid fish Hypoplectrus (Publication No. 9239654) [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Miami] ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
  8. ^ a b c d e Holt BG, Côté IM, Emerson BC (2010). "Signatures of speciation? Distribution and diversity of Hypoplectrus (Teleostei: Serranidae) colour morphotypes". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 19 (4): 432–441. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00539.x. ISSN 1466-8238.
  9. ^ a b "Hypoplectrus gummigutta, Golden hamlet : aquarium". www.fishbase.de. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  10. ^ a b c d e Hench K, Mcmillan WO, Betancur-R R, Puebla O (November 2017). "Temporal changes in hamlet communities (Hypoplectrus spp., Serranidae) over 17 years". Journal of Fish Biology. 91 (5): 1475–1490. doi:10.1111/jfb.13481. PMID 28994100.
  11. ^ a b c d Aguilar-Perera A, González-Salas C (June 2010). "Distribution of the genus Hypoplectrus (Teleostei: Serranidae) in the Greater Caribbean Region: support for a color-based speciation". Marine Ecology. 31 (2): 375–387. Bibcode:2010MarEc..31..375A. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2009.00339.x.
  12. ^ Graves JE, Rosenblatt RH (March 1980). "Genetic Relationships of the Color Morphs of the Serranid Fish Hypoplectrus Unicolor". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 34 (2): 240–245. doi:10.2307/2407388. JSTOR 2407388. PMID 28563427.
  13. ^ Heemstra PC, Anderson WD, Lobel PS (2002). "Serranidae, Groupers (seabasses, creolefish, hinds, hamlets, anthiines, and soapfishes).". In Carpenter KE (ed.). The Living Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. FAO Special Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Special Publications No. 5. Vol. 2. Bony Fishes, Part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Rome: FAO. pp. 1308–1369.
  14. ^ a b Taylor MS, Hellberg ME (March 2006). "Comparative phylogeography in a genus of coral reef fishes: biogeographic and genetic concordance in the Caribbean". Molecular Ecology. 15 (3): 695–707. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02820.x. PMID 16499695. S2CID 16157214.
  15. ^ Goodson G, Weisgerber P (1985). Fishes of the Atlantic Coast: Canada to Brazil, Including the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, Bermuda, the Bahamas, and the Caribbean. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1268-2.
  16. ^ a b c d Fischer EA (1980-05-01). "The relationship between mating system and simultaneous hermaphroditism in the coral reef fish, Hypoplectrus nigricans (Serranidae)". Animal Behaviour. 28 (2): 620–633. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80070-4. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 53195819.
  17. ^ a b c Theodosiou L, McMillan WO, Puebla O (December 2016). "Recombination in the eggs and sperm in a simultaneously hermaphroditic vertebrate". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 283 (1844). doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1821. PMC 5204151. PMID 27974520.
  18. ^ Picq S, McMillan WO, Puebla O (April 2016). "Population genomics of local adaptation versus speciation in coral reef fishes (Hypoplectrus spp, Serranidae)". Ecology and Evolution. 6 (7): 2109–24. doi:10.1002/ece3.2028. PMC 4831444. PMID 27099711.
  19. ^ a b Whiteman EA, Gage MJ (2007). "No barriers to fertilization between sympatric colour morphs in the marine species flock Hypoplectrus (Serranidae)". Journal of Zoology. 272 (3): 305–310. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00270.x. ISSN 1469-7998.
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