List of American construction companies in World War I
| United States Construction Companies | |
|---|---|
.svg) Flag of the United States during World War One | |
| Active | January 1918 - April 1919 |
| Country | United States |
| Branch |  United States Army |
| Type | Construction |
| Role | Bricklayers, Carpenters, Laborers |
| Size | Company (160-250 enlisted men) |
| Part of | Overseas Companies
Mainland Companies
|
Construction Companies, sometimes referred to as Aero Construction Companies, were United States Army Air Service units that served during World War I. First authorized in December 1917,[1] these companies were created, originally under the Aviation Section, Signal Corps, to serve as skilled laborers in the construction of various projects in the United Kingdom, the majority of which involved the building of facilities relating to aviation.[2] Half of these units, however, would remain in the U.S., where they worked on various airfields. By the end of the war, over 6,000 men had enlisted across 39 construction companies.[3]
Organization and role[edit]
On December 5, 1917, The United States and the United Kingdom signed an agreement that, among other things, called for the U.S. to supply 6,200 American laborers to use as construction workers for various building projects relating to the Royal Flying Corps.[4] Later that month, in response to the agreement, came the authorization of the first construction companies, all of which were to be organized at Kelly Field in Texas.[5] The next month, on January 26, 1918, the U.S. and U.K. signed another agreement, known as the Rothermere-Foulois agreement or Handley-Page agreement, which called for the arrival of 3,000 American laborers to arrive by June, though these troops were to have a more specific purpose.[2] Originally, however, the labor for the Handley-Page agreement was meant to be supplied by African-American units though difficulty with quickly finding sufficient numbers of trade specialist made this impossible. In response 9 white construction companies were furnished instead, these units originally organized for work under the December 5th agreement.[6] The original 3,000 African-American laborers were still to be organized and were to be placed under the December 5 agreement.[6] Many African-American tradesmen would be organized into various labor battalions serving in France.
Both of these agreements called for these laborers to be made up of bricklayers, carpenters, and general non-specific laborers. Of these general laborers were to make up the majority in both agreements, followed by bricklayers, then carpenters.[2][4] Of the 39 construction companies, 12 were bricklayers, 4 were carpenters, and 23 were laborers.[7]
From March to April 1918, the first 9 Construction Companies, all bricklaying, arrived in England to provide the labor for the December 5th agreement.[6] Companies 10–19, excluding the 13th, went to work on the construction projects under the Handley-Page agreement.[8] These 19 companies were assigned to the Service of Supply troops which was a part of the American Expeditionary Force.[9][10] The remaining 20 companies spent the rest of the war in the U.S. under the construction division, though they were meant for overseas service the war ended before they could be shipped off.[11] While in the states these companies mainly worked on the construction of Lee Hall, Langley Field, and various aviation fields on Long Island.[12] Only one non-Overseas company was stationed outside New York and Virginia, that being the 24th which was stationed in Florida, though this occurred after the war.[10]
Trades and examinations[edit]
In order to be assigned to the construction companies, nearly all men had to be proficient in at least 1 of 57 different trades.[13] Following their enlistment, the men would undergo a medical examination then proceed to list their profession to an officer who would then direct them to an oral examiner. These oral examinations would be given to the recruit by a fellow enlisted man with experience in their respective occupation.[14] Some trades had practical examinations as well, which was overseen by a chief of section and various examiners. Once the men completed their required testing they would then be granted to join their company. Those who failed their exams, both oral and practical, would again be questioned and if a substitute trade could not be found they would then, generally, be assigned to other units.[15] In addition to these examinations a company would also undergo the standard military training as they could be sent to the front once their construction duties were finished.[4]
The 57 trades are as follows:[15] (Note that some trades received the same examination as others)
| Trade | Practical Examination (If Required) |
|---|---|
| Armorer | None[16] |
| Auto Body Builder | None[16] |
| Auto Mechanic | Required to explain the functions of the running gear and chassis.[15] |
| Balloon Rigger | None[16] |
| Blacksmith | Required to make a plain weld using a round or flat stock, form an eye on a round stock, construct a mud scraper, hook and staple along with other small other task.[15] |
| Boat Builder | None[16] |
| Bricklayer | None[16] |
| Cabinet Maker | Required to pass the same exam as was given to the carpenters, with the addition of making repairs on furniture.[17] |
| Canvas Worker | Required to sew using a sewing machine and sew by hand on different types of fabrics, as well as explaining their work.[17] |
| Carpenter | Required to perform work such as, but not limited too, the construction of office railings, floor laying, signboards, woodwork repairing, saw horses, packing boxes.[15] |
| Carpenter (Boss) | Required to understand blueprints, use a steel square in laying out rafters, use angles and joints, estimate the amount of lumber needed for construction plans, as well as demonstrate knowledge of carpenter tools.[17] |
| Chauffeur | Required to drive and operate an automobile around the campgrounds while utilizing the gearshift, brakes and throttle controls.[15] |
| Chauffeur (1st Class) | Likely Required to be able to perform all task required by a standard chauffeur.[15] |
| Chief of Section | This position was held by enlisted men that were highly qualified in their respective trade. They would oversee the training of workers skilled in their area of expertise.[18] |
| Clerk (No Typist) | None[16] |
| Clerk (Typist) | Required to transcribe letters and other dictation.[17] |
| Cook | None[16] |
| Coppersmith | None[16] |
| Cordage Worker | None[16] |
| Draftsman | None[16] |
| Electrician | None[16] |
| Engine Apprentice | Required to partially dismantle a motor, demonstrate mechanical knowledge by explaining various functions of a motor.[15] |
| Engine Repairman | Required to partially dismantle a motor, demonstrate mechanical knowledge by explaining various functions of a motor.[15] |
| Engine Tester | Required to partially dismantle a motor, demonstrate mechanical knowledge by explaining various functions of a motor.[15] |
| Fabric Worker | Required to sew using a sewing machine and sew by hand on different types of fabrics, as well as explaining their work.[17] |
| Instrument Repairer | None[16] |
| Lithographer | None[16] |
| Machinist | None[16] |
| Magneto Repairman | Required to demonstrate knowledge regarding electrical knowledge.[15] |
| Mechanic (Chief) | None[16] |
| Mechanic (Assistant Chief) | None[16] |
| Mechanic (General) | None[16] |
| Mechanic (Skilled) | None[16] |
| Mechanician (Airplane) | Due to the rarity of men having this trade, they were required to read blueprints, make loops in wire and solder, repair ribs, longerons, and patch fabrics.[17] |
| Mechanician (Motor) | None[16] |
| Metal Worker | Required to hinge two pieces of sheet metal together, the joining copper tubes together, as well as funnel, can cover, and stove pipe work.[15] |
| Motocyclist | Required to drive and operate a motorcycle around the campgrounds and explain the vehicles various parts and their role.[15] |
| Moulder | None[16] |
| Non-Specialist | None[16] |
| Packer | None[16] |
| Painter | Required to Mix various colors, work on signboards, as well as perform work on wood such as varnishing, finishing and staining.[15] |
| Pattern Maker | Required to pass the same exam as was given to the carpenters, with the addition of making repairs on furniture.[17] |
| Photographer | None[16] |
| Plumber | None[16] |
| Propeller Maker | There was no specific exam for propeller makers, and as such, they were given the same exam as Cabinet Makers and Pattern Makers with the exception that the examiner was a propeller maker himself.[17] |
| Propeller Tester | None[16] |
| Radio Mechanic | Required to send and receive messages and demonstrate knowledge in the method of communication.[17] |
| Rigger | None[16] |
| Saddler | None[16] |
| Sail Maker | Required to sew using a sewing machine and sew by hand on different types of fabrics, as well as explaining their work.[17] |
| Stenographer | Required to transcribe dictation.[17] |
| Stock-Keeper | None[16] |
| Tool Maker | None[16] |
| Truckmaster | Required to explain the functions of the running gear and chassis.[15] |
| Truckmaster (Assistant) | Required to explain the functions of the running gear and chassis.[15] |
| Vulcanizer | None[16] |
| Welder (Acetylene) | Required to weld cast iron, brass, aluminum, or steel depending on their familiarity with these metals and demonstrate knowledge regarding welding.[17] |
List of companies[edit]
The first 12 Construction Companies were mustered into service in January of 1918 and by August all were overseas in England, with the first units arriving in March.[9] In the spring another 27 companies were authorized for creation.[19]
First wave[edit]
| Unit Name | Active | Stationed | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Construction Company | January 1918 - April 1919[5] | Organized - Kelly Field, Texas
|
Bricklaying[7] |
| 2nd Construction Company | January 1918 - April 1919[5] | Organized - Kelly Field, Texas
|
Bricklaying[7] |
| 3rd Construction Company | January 1918 - December 1918[5] | Organized - Kelly Field, Texas
|
Bricklaying[7] |
| 4th Construction Company | January 1918 - December 1918[5] | Organized - Kelly Field, Texas
|
Bricklaying[7] |
| 5th Construction Company | January 1918 - December 1918[5] | Organized - Kelly Field, Texas
|
Bricklaying[20] |
| 6th Construction Company | January 1918 - December 1918[20] | Organized - Kelly Field, Texas
|
Bricklaying[7] |
| 7th Construction Company | January 1918 - December 1918[20] | Organized - Kelly Field, Texas
|
Bricklaying[7] |
| 8th Construction Company | January 1918 - December 1918[20] | Organized - Kelly Field, Texas
|
Bricklaying[7] |
| 9th Construction Company | January 1918 - December 1918[20] | Organized - Kelly Field, Texas
|
Bricklaying[7] |
| 10th Construction Company | January 1918 - December 1918[20] | Organized - Kelly Field, Texas
|
Bricklaying[7] |
| 11th Construction Company | January 1918 - April 1919[20] | Organized - Kelly Field, Texas
|
Bricklaying[7] |
| 12th Construction Company | January 1918 - April 1919[20] | Organized - Kelly Field, Texas
|
Bricklaying[7] |
Second wave[edit]
| Unit Name | Active | Stationed | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| 13th Construction Company | May 1918 - December 1918[20] | Organized - Garden City, New York
|
Carpenter[7] |
| 14th Construction Company | May 1918 - December 1918[20] | Organized - Camp Sevier, South Carolina
|
Carpenter[7] |
| 15th Construction Company | May 1918 - December 1918[20] | Organized - Camp Sevier, South Carolina
|
Carpenter[7] |
| 16th Construction Company | May 1918 - April 1919[10] | Organized - Camp Sevier, South Carolina
|
Carpenter[7] |
| 17th Construction Company | May 1918 - January 1919[10] | Organized - Waco, Texas
|
Labor[7] |
| 18th Construction Company | May 1918 - December 1918[10] | Organized - Waco, Texas
|
Labor[7] |
| 19h Construction Company | May 1918 - December 1918[10] | Organized - Waco, Texas
|
Labor[7] |
| 20th Construction Company | May 1918 - January 1919[10] | Organized - Waco, Texas
|
Labor[11] |
| 21st Construction Company | June 1918 - January 1919[10] | Organized - Waco, Texas
|
Labor[11] |
| 22nd Construction Company | June 1918 - April 1919[10] | Organized - Waco, Texas
|
Labor[11] |
| 23rd Construction Company | June 1918 - April 1919[10] | Organized - Waco, Texas
|
Labor[11] |
| 24th Construction Company | June 1918 - March 1919[10] | Organized - Waco, Texas
Demobilized - Chapman Field, Florida[10] |
Labor[8] |
| 25th Construction Company | June 1918 - January 1919[10] | Organized - Waco, Texas
Demobilized - Aviation General Supply Depot, Middletown, Pennsylvania[10] |
Labor[8] |
| 26th Construction Company | June 1918 - February 1919[10] | Organized - Waco, Texas
Demobilized - Garden City, New York[10] |
Labor[8] |
| 27th Construction Company | June 1918 - December 1918[10] | Organized - Waco, Texas
Demobilized - Garden City, New York[10] |
Labor[11] |
| 28th Construction Company | April 1918 - December 1918[10] | Organized - Fort Wayne, Michigan
|
Labor[11] |
| 29th Construction Company | April 1918 - December 1918[21] | Organized - Fort Wayne, Michigan
|
Labor[11] |
| 30th Construction Company | April 1918 - December 1918[21] | Organized - Fort Wayne, Michigan
|
Labor[11] |
| 31st Construction Company | June 1918 - December 1918[21] | Organized - Fort Wayne, Michigan
|
Labor[11] |
| 32nd Construction Company | June 1918 - December 1918[21] | Organized - Fort Wayne, Michigan
|
Labor[11] |
| 33rd Construction Company | June 1918 - December 1918[21] | Organized - Fort Wayne, Michigan
|
Labor[11] |
| 34th Construction Company | April 1918 - December 1918[21] | Organized - Fort Wayne, Michigan
|
Labor[11] |
| 35th Construction Company | April 1918 - December 1918[21] | Organized - Fort Wayne, Michigan
|
Labor[11] |
| 36th Construction Company | April 1918 - December 1918[21] | Organized - Fort Wayne, Michigan
|
Labor[11] |
| 37th Construction Company | June 1918 - December 1918[21] | Organized - Fort Wayne, Michigan
|
Labor[11] |
| 38th Construction Company | June 1918 - December 1918[21] | Organized - Fort Wayne, Michigan
|
Labor[11] |
| 39th Construction Company | June 1918 - December 1918[21] | Organized - Fort Wayne, Michigan
|
Labor[11] |
Construction Projects[edit]
Information regarding specific work done by the companies is not widely known, and only Companies 1, 2, 11, 12, and 16 have their construction history fully documented.[22] As such the following list will assume that, based on the Order of Battle of the United States land forces in the World War volume 3 part 3, these companies participated in the construction of the various fields, bases, etc. in which they were stationed.
Work in England[edit]
| Unit Name | Construction Projects |
|---|---|
| 1st Construction Company | Chattis Hill Aerodrome[23][24] |
| 2nd Construction Company | Lopcombe Corner Aerodrome[23][25]
Knotty Ash Camp (American Rest Camp)[25] |
| 3rd Construction Company | Emseworth Aerodrome[23] |
| 4th Construction Company | Easton Aerodrome[23] |
| 5th Construction Company | Emseworth Aerodrome[23] |
| 6th Construction Company | Emseworth Aerodrome[23] |
| 7th Construction Company | Marske Aerodrome[23] |
| 8th Construction Company | Rustington Aerodrome[23] |
| 9th Construction Company | Northolt Aerodrome (Detachment)[23] |
| 10th Construction Company | Ford Junction Aerodrome (Detachment)[23] |
| 11th Construction Company | American Rest Camp, Winchester[23] |
| 12th Construction Company | American Rest Camp, Winchester[23] |
| 13th Construction Company | Harling Road Aerodrome (Detachment)[23] |
| 14th Construction Company | Ford Junction Aerodrome[23] |
| 15th Construction Company | Rustington Aerodrome[23] |
| 16th Construction Company | Emseworth Aerodrome (Detachment)[23] |
| 17th Construction Company | Ford Junction Aerodrome (Detachment)[23] |
| 18th Construction Company | Emseworth Aerodrome[23] |
| 19th Construction Company | Rustington Aerodrome[23] |
Work in the United States[edit]
| Unit Name | Construction Projects |
|---|---|
| 20th Construction Company | Lee Hall, Virginia[10] |
| 21st Construction Company | Lee Hall, Virginia[10] |
| 22nd Construction Company | Lee Hall, Virginia[10] |
| 23rd Construction Company | Lee Hall, Virginia[10] |
| 24th Construction Company | Lufberry Field, New York[10] |
| 25th Construction Company | Henry J. Damm Field, New York[10] |
| 26th Construction Company | Garden City, New York[10] |
| 27th Construction Company | Roosevelt Field, New York[10] |
| 28th Construction Company | Langley Field, Virginia[10] |
| 29th Construction Company | Langley Field, Virginia[21] |
| 30th Construction Company | Langley Field, Virginia[21] |
| 31st Construction Company | Langley Field, Virginia[21] |
| 32nd Construction Company | Langley Field, Virginia[21] |
| 33rd Construction Company | Langley Field, Virginia[21] |
| 34th Construction Company | Langley Field, Virginia[21] |
| 35th Construction Company | Langley Field, Virginia[21] |
| 36th Construction Company | Langley Field, Virginia[21] |
| 37th Construction Company | Langley Field, Virginia[21] |
| 38th Construction Company | Langley Field, Virginia[21] |
| 39th Construction Company | Langley Field, Virginia[21] |
References[edit]
- ^ Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. Series H. Vol. 5. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. p. 96.
- ^ a b c Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. Series B. Vol. 6. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. p. 28.
- ^ Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. Series A. Vol. 19. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. p. 234.
- ^ a b c Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. Series B. Vol. 3. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. p. 2.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Order of battle of the United States land forces in the World War, zone of the interior: directory of troops, volume 3, part 3. Washington D.C.: Center of Military History. 1987. p. 1115.
- ^ a b c Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. A. Vol. 19. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. p. 141.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. Series B. Vol. 5. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. p. 36.
- ^ a b c d Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. Series A. Vol. 19. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. p. 140.
- ^ a b Order of battle of the United States land forces in the World War, zone of the interior: directory of troops, volume 3, part 3. Washington D.C.: Center of Military History. 1987. pp. 1115–1116.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Order of battle of the United States land forces in the World War, zone of the interior: directory of troops, volume 3, part 3. Washington D.C.: Center of Military History. 1987. p. 1117.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. Series A. Vol. 19. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. p. 123.
- ^ Order of battle of the United States land forces in the World War, zone of the interior: directory of troops, volume 3, part 3. Washington D.C.: Center of Military History. 1987. pp. 1117–1118.
- ^ Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. L. Vol. 9. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. p. 240.
- ^ Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. Series L. Vol. 9. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. p. 241.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. Series L. Vol. 9. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. p. 242.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. Series L. Vol. 9. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. pp. 241–242.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. Series L. Vol. 9. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. p. 243.
- ^ Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. Series L. Vol. 9. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. pp. 245–247.
- ^ Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. Series A. Vol. 19. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. p. 112.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Order of battle of the United States land forces in the World War, zone of the interior: directory of troops, volume 3, part 3. Washington D.C.: Center of Military History. 1987. p. 1116.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Order of battle of the United States land forces in the World War, zone of the interior: directory of troops, volume 3, part 3. Washington D.C.: Center of Military History. 1987. p. 1118.
- ^ Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. H. Vol. 5. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. pp. 92–106.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. Series B. Vol. 3. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. p. 4.
- ^ Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. H. Vol. 5. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. p. 93.
- ^ a b Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917 - 1919. Series H. Vol. 5. Washington D.C.: National Archives. 1975. pp. 96–97.