Sphaeropsis

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Sphaeropsis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Dothideomycetes
Order:
Botryosphaeriales
Family:
Botryosphaeriaceae

Theiss. & H.Syd. (1918)
Genus:
Sphaeropsis

Sacc. (1880)[1]
Type species
Sphaeropsis visci
(Alb. & Schwein.) Sacc.
Synonyms[2]
  • Botrysphaeris F.E.Clements & Shear, 1931
  • Gyratylium Preuss, 1855
  • Sphaeropsis Lév.

The Sphaeropsis are a genus of fungi, within the family of Botryosphaeriaceae and within the order of Botryosphaeriales, within the class Dothideomycetes.[3] They are plant pathogens.

Most known species is Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton (1980) (or Diplodia sapinea (Fr.) Fuckel and Diplodia pinea (Desm.) J. Kickx f.),[4] which is the causal agent of the Diplodia tip blight disease on pines and other conifer species.[5] It is also found on forest and ornamental trees in the Western Balkans, Europe,[6] and in the United States.[7]

History[edit]

The genus Sphaeropsis was introduced by Saccardo in 1880 (for several species of Diplodia with brown, aseptate conidia), with Sphaeropsis visci named as the type species.[1] Sphaeropsis was later found to be the asexual morph of Phaeobotryosphaeria (Phillips et al. 2008,[8] 2013;[9] Wijayawardene et al. 2017).[10]

Distribution[edit]

Species in Sphaeropsis have a cosmopolitan distribution since they have been recorded from both temperate and tropical countries.[2] Including; Germany, Namibia, New Zealand, South Africa, Thailand, (Phillips et al. 2013;[9] Slippers et al. 2014;[11] Farr and Rossman 2019).[12] China (Sphaeropsis citrigena and Sphaeropsis guizhouensis),[13] and Chile.[14]

Etymology[edit]

Sphaeropsis is derived from the New Latin from sphaer meaning sphere or globe and opsis meaning appearance, vision. So named as the species are similar in form to the fungal genus Sphaeria Haller, Hist. Stirp. Helv. 3: 120 (1768),[15] (in the Hypoxylaceae family, Xylariales order).[16]

Hosts[edit]

Species Sphaeropsis visci causes leaf-spot disease on Asian mistletoe (Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nakai) in China,[17] and also on European mistletoe (Viscum album) populations.[18][19][20] While species Sphaeropsis pinea (Needle cast) is a significant problem in Chile.[14]

Species[edit]

As of 1 September 2023, the GBIF lists up to 143 species,[2] while Species Fungorum lists about 139 species (out of 374 records).[21] Over 600 species were accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020.[3]

This list of species with name, authority and dates is based on the Species Fungorum list.

Former species[edit]

Many older species of Sphaeropsis have been transferred to other genera. Such as Sphaeropsis malorum (Berk.) Berk. (1860),[15] is now Botryosphaeria stevensii Shoemaker, (1964).[21] Aklso Sphaeropsis tumefaciens Hedges (1911) now Cophinforma tumefaciens.[21] Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens C.L. Xiao & J.D. Rogers (2004) (Sphaeropsis Apple rot),[22] now Xenosphaeropsis pyriputrescens (in the Phacidiaceae family).[21]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Sacc., Michelia 2: 105. 1880.
  2. ^ a b c "Sphaeropsis Sacc". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  3. ^ a b Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  4. ^ Roy, Julien; Kyritsi, Ioanna; Reinwarth, Nadja; Bachelier, Julien B.; Rillig, Matthias C.; Lücking, Robert (December 2022). "Host and abiotic constraints on the distribution of the pine fungal pathogen Sphaeropsis sapinea (= Diplodia sapinea)". Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. 5 (971916). Bibcode:2022FrFGC...5.1916R. doi:10.3389/ffgc.2022.971916.
  5. ^ Blumenstein, Kathrin; Bußkamp, Johanna; Langer, Gitta Jutta; Schlößer, Rebekka; Parra Rojas, Natalia Marion; Terhonen, Eeva (24 May 2021). "Sphaeropsis sapinea and Associated Endophytes in Scots Pine: Interactions and Effect on the Host Under Variable Water Content". Front. For. Glob. Change. 4 (Sec. Pests, Pathogens and Invasions). Bibcode:2021FrFGC...4.5769B. doi:10.3389/ffgc.2021.655769.
  6. ^ Zlatkovic, Milica; Keca, Nenad Djuro; Wingfield, Michael J.; Jami, Fahimeh; Slippers, Bernard (April 2016). "Botryosphaeriaceae associated with the die-back of ornamental trees in the Western Balkans". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 109 (4): 543–564. doi:10.1007/s10482-016-0659-8. hdl:2263/52504. PMID 26891906. S2CID 254232021.
  7. ^ Palmer, M.A.; Stewart, E.L.; Wingfield, M.J. (1987). "Variation among isolates of Sphaeropsis sapinea in the north central United States". Phytopathology. 77 (6): 944–948. doi:10.1094/Phyto-77-944.
  8. ^ Phillips, A.J.L.; Alves, A.; Pennycook, S.R.; Johnston, P.R.; Ramaley, A.; Akulov, A.; Crous, P.W. (December 2008). "Resolving the phylogenetic and taxonomic status of dark-spored teleomorph genera in the Botryosphaeriaceae". Persoonia. 21: 29–55. doi:10.3767/003158508X340742. PMC 2846129. PMID 20396576.
  9. ^ a b Phillips, A.J.L.; Alves, A.; Abdollahzadeh, J.; Slippers, B.; Wingfield, M.J.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Crous, P.W. (2013). "The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from culture". Stud. Mycol. 76 (1): 51–167. doi:10.3114/sim0021. PMC 3825232. PMID 24302790.
  10. ^ Wijayawardene, N. N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Lumbsch, H.T.; Liu, J.K.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Ekanayaka, A.H.; Tian, Q.; Phookamsak, R. (2018). "Outline of Ascomycota: 2017". Fungal Diversity. 88: 167−263. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8. S2CID 256066125.
  11. ^ Slippers, B.; Roux, J.; Wingfield, M.J.; Van der Walt, F.J.J.; Jami, F.; Mehl, J.W.M.; Marais, G.J. (2014). "Confronting the constraints of morphological taxonomy in the Botryosphaeriales". Persoonia. 33: 155–168. doi:10.3767/003158514X684780. PMC 4312931. PMID 25737598.
  12. ^ Farr, D. F.; Rossman, A. Y. (2019). "Fungal Databases". Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., ARS, USDA. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  13. ^ Dissanayake, Asha Janadaree; Chen, Ya-Ya; Cheewangkoon, Ratchadawan; Liu, Jian-Kui Jack (October 2021). "Occurrence and Morpho-Molecular Identification of Botryosphaeriales Species from Guizhou Province, China". Journal of Fungi. 7 (11): 893. doi:10.3390/jof7110893. PMC 8618807. PMID 34829182.
  14. ^ a b Cubbage, Frederick; MacDonagh, Patricio; Sawinski Júnior, José; Rubilar, Rafael; Donoso, Pablo; Ferreira, Arnaldo; Hoeflich, Vitor; Olmos, Virginia Morales; Ferreira, Gustavo; Balmelli, Gustavo; Siry, Jacek; Báez, Mirta Noemi; Alvarez, José (2007). "Timber investment returns for selected plantations and native forests in South America and the Southern United States". New Forests. 33 (3): 237–255. doi:10.1007/s11056-006-9025-4. S2CID 23662888.
  15. ^ a b New York (State). Legislature. Assembly Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York, Volume 104, Issues 7-8 (1881), p. 36, at Google Books
  16. ^ "Sphaeria Haller, 1768". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  17. ^ Chen, Jie; Liu, Xuefeng; Jia, Hanqi; Zhu, Wenbo (2018). "First report of leaf-spot disease caused by Sphaeropsis visci on Asian mistletoe [Viscum coloratum (Kom.) Nakai] in China". Journal of Forestry Research. 29 (6): 1769–1774. doi:10.1007/s11676-017-0550-0. S2CID 255354212.
  18. ^ Poczai, P.; Varga, I.; Hyvonen, J. (2015). "Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) evolution in populations of the hyperparasitic European mistletoe pathogen fungus, Sphaeropsis visci (Botryosphaeriaceae): the utility of ITS2 secondary structures". Gene. 558 (1): 54–64. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2014.12.042. PMID 25536165.
  19. ^ Stojanović, S. (1989). "The investigation of Sphaeropsis visci (Salm.) Sacc, Colletotrichum gloeosporoides (Sacc.) Penz, parasites on European (Viscum album ssp. typicum Beck)". Zaštita Bilja. 40: 493–503.
  20. ^ Varga, Ildikó; Poczai, Péter; Cernák, István; Hyvönen, Jaakko (30 September 2014). "Application of direct PCR in rapid rDNA ITS haplotype determination of the hyperparasitic fungus Sphaeropsis visci (Botryosphaeriaceae)". SpringerPlus. 3: 569. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-569. PMC 4193967. PMID 25332869.
  21. ^ a b c d "Species Fungorum - Search Page - Sphaeropsis". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  22. ^ Q. Ashton Acton (General Editor) Advances in Plant Physiological Phenomena Research and Application: 2012 Edition, p. 190, at Google Books


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