Ovorubin
| Ovorubin | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||
| Organism | |||||||
| Symbol | PcOvo | ||||||
| Alt. symbols | PcPV1 | ||||||
| PDB | J7HZ90; J7I5Z5 | ||||||
| UniProt | J7I2T6 | ||||||
| |||||||
Ovorubin (PcOvo or PcPV1) is the most abundant perivitellin (>60 % total protein) of the perivitelline fluid from Pomacea canaliculata snail eggs. This glyco-lipo-caroteno protein complex is a approx. 300 kDa multimer of a combination of multiple copies of six different ~30 kDa subunits.[1]
Together with the other perivitellins from Pomacea canaliculata eggs, ovorubin serves a nutrient source for developing embryos, notably to the intermediate and late stages.[2] Moreover, after hatching, the protein is still detected in the lumen of the digestive gland ready to be endocytosed, therefore, acting as a nutrient source for the newly hatched snail.[2]
Ovorubin contains carbohydrates and carotenoid pigments as main prosthetic groups, [3] which are related to many physiological roles on Pomacea aerial egg-laying strategy. Given that carbohydrates tend to retain water, the high glycosylation of ovorubin (~17 % w/w) was proposed as an embryo defense against water loss.[3] The carotenoid pigments stabilized by ovorubin also provide the eggs of antioxidant and photoprotective capacities, crucial roles to cope with the harsh conditions of the aerial environment.[2][4][5][6][7][excessive citations] The presence of carotenoid pigments is also responsible for the brightly reddish coloration of Ovorubin, and therefore snail eggs, which was related to a warning coloration (aposematism) advertising predators about the presence of deterrents.[8][9] In fact, field evidence of egg unpalatability is provided by the fact that most animals foraging in habitats where the apple snails live ignore these eggs.[10]
Like most other studied perivitellins from Pomacea snails, ovorubin is highly stable in a wide range of pH values and withstands gastrointestinal digestion, characteristics associated with an antinutritive defense system that deters predation by lowering the nutritional value of the eggs.[11][12]
References[edit]
- ^ Garin CF, Heras H, Pollero RJ (December 1996). "Lipoproteins of the egg perivitelline fluid of Pomacea canaliculata snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda)". The Journal of Experimental Zoology. 276 (5): 307–14. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19961201)276:5<307::AID-JEZ1>3.0.CO;2-S. PMID 8972583.
- ^ a b c Heras H, Garin CF, Pollero RJ (1998). "Biochemical composition and energy sources during embryo development and in early juveniles of the snail Pomacea canaliculata (Mollusca: Gastropoda)". Journal of Experimental Zoology. 280 (6): 375–383. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19980415)280:6<375::AID-JEZ1>3.0.CO;2-K. ISSN 1097-010X.
- ^ a b Dreon MS, Heras H, Pollero RJ (July 2004). "Characterization of the major egg glycolipoproteins from the perivitellin fluid of the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata". Molecular Reproduction and Development. 68 (3): 359–64. doi:10.1002/mrd.20078. PMID 15112330. S2CID 22032382.
- ^ Cheesman DF (December 1958). "Ovorubin, a chromoprotein from the eggs of the gastropod mollusc Pomacea canaliculata". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 149 (937): 571–87. Bibcode:1958RSPSB.149..571C. doi:10.1098/rspb.1958.0093. PMID 13623805. S2CID 44905224.
- ^ Dreon MS, Heras H, Pollero RJ (January 2003). "Metabolism of ovorubin, the major egg lipoprotein from the apple snail". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 243 (1–2): 9–14. doi:10.1023/A:1021616610241. PMID 12619883. S2CID 6345962.
- ^ Dreon MS, Schinella G, Heras H, Pollero RJ (February 2004). "Antioxidant defense system in the apple snail eggs, the role of ovorubin". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 422 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2003.11.018. PMID 14725852.
- ^ Dreon MS, Ceolín M, Heras H (April 2007). "Astaxanthin binding and structural stability of the apple snail carotenoprotein ovorubin". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 460 (1): 107–12. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2006.12.033. PMID 17324373.
- ^ Heras H, Dreon MS, Ituarte S, Pollero RJ (2007-07-01). "Egg carotenoproteins in neotropical Ampullariidae (Gastropoda: Arquitaenioglossa)". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology. 146 (1–2): 158–67. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.10.013. PMID 17320485.
- ^ Hayes KA, Burks RL, Castro-Vazquez A, Darby PC, Heras H, Martín PR, et al. (2015). "Insights from an Integrated View of the Biology of Apple Snails (Caenogastropoda: Ampullariidae)". Malacologia. 58 (1–2): 245–302. doi:10.4002/040.058.0209. hdl:11336/7919. ISSN 0076-2997. S2CID 85707576.
- ^ Snyder NF, Snyder HA (1971-01-01). "Defenses of the Florida Apple Snail Pomacea Paludosa". Behaviour. 40 (3–4): 175–214. doi:10.1163/156853971X00384. ISSN 0005-7959.
- ^ Dreon MS, Ituarte S, Ceolín M, Heras H (September 2008). "Global shape and pH stability of ovorubin, an oligomeric protein from the eggs of Pomacea canaliculata". The FEBS Journal. 275 (18): 4522–30. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06595.x. PMID 18673387. S2CID 22611520.
- ^ Dreon MS, Ituarte S, Heras H (December 2010). "The role of the proteinase inhibitor ovorubin in apple snail eggs resembles plant embryo defense against predation". PLOS ONE. 5 (12): e15059. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...515059D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015059. PMC 2997075. PMID 21151935.