Holcaspis
| Holcaspis | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Pterostichinae |
| Tribe: | Pterostichini |
| Subtribe: | Pterostichina |
| Genus: | Holcaspis Chaudoir, 1865 |
| Type species | |
| Holcaspis angustula (Chaudoir, 1865)
| |
Holcaspis is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, endemic to New Zealand.
Taxonomy[edit]
The genus was originally proposed by Chaudoir in 1865,[1] with a large number of species added by Thomas Broun in the late 19th century and early 20th century.[2][3] The genus was revised by Everard Britton in 1940,[4] and most recently by Michael Butcher in 1984,[5] with several species added by Peter Johns in 2003.[6] A phylogenetic analysis by Hanboonsong generally agreed with Butcher's species list, but found that H. oedicnema displayed an unusual amount of genetic variation and is probably a species complex.[7]
Description[edit]
Holcaspis beetles are black ground beetles, ranging between 10–26 mm in length. The mentum has deep pits on either side, and the labrum has six setae. The head has a variable H-shaped impression between the eyes. All species are flightless, with fused elytra. Species are distinguished by their patterns of setae, grooves, and punctures, and features of the male genitalia, as much as by size as shape.[5]
Holcaspis adults are most commonly found in summer (November to March), but some have been trapped over winter, suggesting they live two years or more like other long-lived carabids.[8] Several species have been observed being reproductively active over summer. Female:male sex ratios range from 1:0.8 to 1:3.4.[9]
Conservation[edit]
Species of Holcaspis tend to occur in the drier eastern areas of New Zealand, particularly in the South Island. Much of this area has been converted to farmland, with only small remnants of the continuous forest that once covered it remaining.[10] As a consequence, several species of Holcaspis are listed as critically endangered by the New Zealand Department of Conservation: H. abdita, H. bathana, H. bidentella, and H. brevicula.[11] For example Holcaspis brevicula, which originally probably inhabited dry kanuka forest on the Canterbury Plains, now only occurs in a single Pinus radiata plantation at Eyrewell Forest,[8] which is being felled and converted to dairy farms.[12]
Species[edit]
Holcaspis contains the following species:[13]
- Holcaspis abdita Johns, 2003
- Holcaspis algida Britton, 1940
- Holcaspis angustula (Chaudoir, 1865)
- Holcaspis bathana Butcher, 1984
- Holcaspis bessatica Johns, 2003
- Holcaspis bidentella Johns, 2003
- Holcaspis brevicula Butcher, 1984
- Holcaspis brouniana (Sharp, 1886)
- Holcaspis catenulata Broun, 1882
- Holcaspis delator (Broun, 1893)
- Holcaspis dentifera (Broun, 1880)
- Holcaspis egregialis (Broun, 1917)
- Holcaspis elongella (White, 1846)
- Holcaspis falcis Butcher, 1984
- Holcaspis hispida (Broun, 1877)
- Holcaspis hudsoni Britton, 1940
- Holcaspis impigra Broun, 1886
- Holcaspis implica Butcher, 1984
- Holcaspis intermittens (Chaudoir, 1865)
- Holcaspis mordax Broun, 1886
- Holcaspis mucronata Broun, 1886
- Holcaspis obvelata Johns, 2003
- Holcaspis odontella (Broun, 1908)
- Holcaspis oedicnema Bates, 1874
- Holcaspis ohauensis Butcher, 1984
- Holcaspis ovatella (Chaudoir, 1865)
- Holcaspis placida Broun, 1881
- Holcaspis sinuiventris (Broun, 1908)
- Holcaspis sternalis Broun, 1881
- Holcaspis stewartensis Butcher, 1984
- Holcaspis subaenea (Guerin-Meneville, 1841)
- Holcaspis suteri (Broun, 1893)
- Holcaspis tripunctata Butcher, 1984
- Holcaspis vagepunctata (White, 1846)
- Holcaspis vexata (Broun, 1908)
References[edit]
- ^ Chaudoir, le Baron M. de (1865). "Essai sur les Feronies de l'Australie et de la Nouvelle-Zelande". Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. 38: 65–112.
- ^ Broun, T. (1882). "On the New Zealand Carabidae". New Zealand Journal of Science. 1: 215–227.
- ^ Broun, T. (1886). Manual of the New Zealand Coleoptera. pts 3 and 4. Wellington, New Zealand: N.Z. Government Printer.
- ^ Britton, Everard B. (1940). "The Carabidae (Coleoptera) of New Zealand. Part I, Pterostichini". Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 69: 473–508.
- ^ a b Butcher, M. R. (1984). "A Revision of the Genus Holcaspis (Coleoptera: Carabidae)". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 14 (1): 47–99. doi:10.1080/03036758.1984.10421728.
- ^ Johns, Peter (2003). "New species of Holcaspis and others of conservation interest, and a species guide (Cleoptera: Carabidae)". Records of the Canterbury Museum. 17: 7–16.
- ^ Hanboonsong, Yupa (1994). A comparative phenetic and cladistic analysis of the genus Holcaspis Chaudoir (Coleoptera: Carabidae) (PhD). Lincoln University. hdl:10182/1822.
- ^ a b Brockerhoff, Eckehard G.; Berndt, Lisa A.; Jactel, Hervé (2014). "Role of exotic pine forests in the conservation of the critically endangered New Zealand ground beetle Holcaspis brevicula (Coleoptera: Carabidae)". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 29 (1): 37–43.
- ^ Butcher, M.R.; Emberson, R.M. (1981). "Aspects of the biology of carabid beetles of Ahuriri Bush Scenic Reserve, Banks Peninsula". Mauri Ora. 9: 59–70.
- ^ Fuller, Lauren; Johns, Peter M.; Ewers, Robert M. (2013). "Assessment of protected area coverage of threatened ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae): a new analysis for New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 37 (2): 184–192.
- ^ Leschen, R.A.B.; Marris, J.W.M.; Emberson, R.M.; Nunn, J.; Hitchmough, R.A.; Stringer, I.A.N. (2012). "The conservation status of New Zealand Coleoptera". New Zealand Entomologist. 35 (2): 91–98. doi:10.1080/00779962.2012.686311. ISSN 0077-9962.
- ^ Chalmers, Heather (29 October 2018). "Ngāi Tahu Farming replaces forestry with 14,000 cows at Eyrewell". Stuff. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
- ^ "Holcaspis Chaudoir, 1865". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2023-04-09.