Burden of knowledge
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The idea of Burden of Knowledge has been around for a long time.
Scholarship[edit]
Explicit scholarship of this idea has entered the mainstream with the works of Benjamin Jones (economist), in particular The Burden of Knowledge and the Death of the Renaissance Man,[1] and with the works of Jan Brendel and Sascha Schweitzer The Burden of Knowledge in Mathematics.[2]
Overview[edit]
Theory and empirical studies reflect the case that researchers and innovators are not born with the required expertise and must first undertake education. With accumulating information and discoveries, the time to digest and improve on extant knowledge takes longer. Similarly, frontiers of knowledge advance at an overall increasing rate and are shifting over time. The “burden of knowledge” refers to the difficulty of catching up with this evolving knowledge frontier.[citation needed]
A hard metric used by Brendel and Schweitzer for mathematics burden is age at first publication. They specifically point to "a significant increase of the average age of researchers at their first publication in one of our top-ranking journals."[2]
Findings associated with Burden of Knowledge investigations point to declining productivity in sole researchers and developers and increasing productivity by teams.[3] Prominent examples of highly effective team research in basic science include those of Nobel Prize awardees Francis Crick and James Watson's work on DNA structure, Yang Chen-Ning and Tsung-Dao Lee's work on parity violation, and Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman's mRNA vaccine discoveries and development [1])
Research also point to better outcomes in gender diverse teams.[4] Interestingly, research points to better development by large teams and more R&D novelty and disruption by small teams.[5]
Christian Turner (Professor of Law) uses the term BURDEN OF KNOWLEDGE in a different way,[6] referring to situations where one may be better off not knowing things, for example avoiding painful and uncomfortable details of ones health.
Burden of Knowledge Challenges in other areas[edit]
Challenges due to increasing complexity and data are found in other fields. There are observed productivity challenges in pharmaceutical drug discovery R&D.[7] The challenges also manifest in an overall trend of patents, papers, and discoveries being less disruptive.[8][9]
References[edit]
- ^ Jones, Benjamin F. (January 2009). "The Burden of Knowledge and the 'Death of the Renaissance Man': Is Innovation Getting Harder?" (PDF). Review of Economic Studies. 76 (1): 283–317. doi:10.1111/j.1467-937X.2008.00531.x.
- ^ a b Brendel, Jan; Schweitzer, Sascha (2019). "The Burden of Knowledge in Mathematics". Open Economics. 2 (1): 139–149. doi:10.1515/openec-2019-0012.
- ^ Wuchty, Stefan; Jones, Benjamin F.; Uzzi, Brian (18 May 2007). "The Increasing Dominance of Teams in Production of Knowledge". Science. 316 (5827): 1036–1039. Bibcode:2007Sci...316.1036W. doi:10.1126/science.1136099. JSTOR 20036287.
- ^ Yang, Yang; Tian, Tanya Y.; Woodruff, Teresa K.; Jones, Benjamin F.; Uzzi, Brian (6 September 2022). "Gender-diverse teams produce more novel and higher-impact scientific ideas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (36): e2200841119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11900841Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.2200841119. PMC 9456721. PMID 36037387.
- ^ Wu, Lingfei; Wang, Dashun; Evans, James A. (February 2019). "Large teams develop and small teams disrupt science and technology". Nature. 566 (7744): 378–382. Bibcode:2019Natur.566..378W. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0941-9. PMID 30760923.
- ^ Turner, Christian (Winter 2009). "The Burden of Knowledge". Georgia Law Review. 43 (2): 297–365. SSRN 1166402.
- ^ Pammolli, Fabio; Magazzini, Laura; Riccaboni, Massimo (June 2011). "The productivity crisis in pharmaceutical R&D". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 10 (6): 428–438. doi:10.1038/nrd3405. PMID 21629293.
- ^ Park, Michael; Leahey, Erin; Funk, Russell J. (5 January 2023). "Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time". Nature. 613 (7942): 138–144. Bibcode:2023Natur.613..138P. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05543-x. PMID 36600070.
- ^ Bloom, Nicholas; Jones, Charles I.; Van Reenen, John; Webb, Michael (April 2020). "Are Ideas Getting Harder to Find?" (PDF). American Economic Review. 110 (4): 1104–1144. doi:10.1257/aer.20180338.