Vanguards of the Fatherland
The Vanguards of the Fatherland (Spanish: Vanguardias de la Patria) were a group of far-right[1] pseudo-fascist[2] organizations in the Uruguayan Army, ideologically close to the riverist trend.[3]
The movement was born in the context of the militarist opposition to the reformist policies promoted by the Uruguayan welfare state, soon before the 1933 Uruguayan coup d'état.[4] Anti-egalitarian and explicitly opposed to batllism and communism, the movement offered military training for young civilians.[5]
The Vanguards were directly linked to the previous Uruguayan Patriotic Association (Spanish: Asociación Patriótica del Uruguay) and were founded in 1929[6] under the sponsorship of riverists general Manuel Dubra[3] and colonel Ulises Monegal.[7] The movement used official Army facilities for their activities.[6]
Aside from their training, vanguardists would organize military-styled parades and march using combat uniforms and weapons. The movement numbered nearly 400 members, despite Dubra stated his expectations were to reach 20,000 combatants by 1930.[8]
At the moment of the foundation of the Vanguards, Dubra was serving as minister of War and Navy for the riverist government of Juan Campisteguy.[1] His involvement in the development of a paramilitary organization led to a parliamentary investigation and interpellation, in which he was supported by riverist leader Pedro Manini Ríos.[3]
The name of the Vanguards had been used by previous Uruguayan scouting organizations, despite there was no relationship between both movements.[8]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Figueroa, Pablo (2022). El terrismo: Una vía liberal al Fascismo (PDF) (Thesis). University of the Republic.
- ^ Maldonado, Carlos (1992). Grupos paramilitares de derecha en Chile (1900-1950) (PDF) (in Spanish). Santiago: CEME.
- ^ a b c González, Marcia (2022). "Pedro Manini Ríos y la conformación de la derecha colorada riverista". In Broquetas, Magdalena; Caetano, Gerardo (eds.). Historia de los conservadores y las derechas en Uruguay: De la contrarrevolución a la Segunda Guerra Mundial (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Montevideo: Banda Oriental. pp. 146–159. ISBN 978-9974-1-1261-2.
- ^ Paternain, Rafael; Somma, Nicolás; Ravecca, Paulo (2005). "El golpe de Estado en Uruguay: tres miradas desde la teoría social" (PDF). Documento de Trabajo. 74.
- ^ Echeverría, Olga (2017-10-02). "El surgimiento y diversificación de las derechas de Argentina y Uruguay en la primera mitad del siglo XX". Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos. Nouveaux mondes mondes nouveaux - Novo Mundo Mundos Novos - New world New worlds (in Spanish). doi:10.4000/nuevomundo.71846. ISSN 1626-0252.
- ^ a b Broquetas, Magdalena (2013). Demócratas y nacionalistas: La reacción de las derechas en el Uruguay (1959-1966) (PDF) (Thesis) (in Spanish). National University of La Plata.
- ^ Caetano, Gerardo (1987). "Las resonancias del primer fascismo en el Uruguay (1922 -1929/30)" (PDF). Revista de la Biblioteca Nacional (25): 103–137.
- ^ a b Rocca, Pablo (1987). "¿Por él mismo? Una biografía literaria" (PDF). Revista de la Biblioteca Nacional (25): 77–97. ISSN 0544-9189.