List of equipment of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Japan Ground
Self-Defense Force
陸上自衛隊 (Rikujō Jieitai)
Components

The following is a list of equipment currently in service with the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force.

Base supplies[edit]

Camouflage patterns[edit]

See also: List of military clothing camouflage patterns § Asia A–M
Name Used by Notes Period used
Type I Camouflage [ja] 1st Airborne Brigade, JGSDF Air Defense Artillery Groups Also known as "Old Camo" or "Airborne Camo", it is the first camo scheme adopted by Japan after World War II. It is based on Hokkaido's wilderness (effective in Sasa veitchii field). The shades become distinguishable after wash, and the pattern itself doesn't match to the environment in mainland Japan, leading to the introduction of Type II camouflage. 1970s–1990s (still in limited use in 2014)

Type II camouflage [ja] 		Currently used by the JGSDF, the JMSDF, Japan National Defense Academy cadets, and JASDF Air Rescue Wings Pararescuemen. Second domestically designed pattern. Made from 50% cotton/50% vinylon or 70% vinylon/30% cotton. The earlier model had anti-IR/flame-resistant fabric, but the latter lacks the feature. 1991–present

Type II brown-dominant winter pattern [ja] 		JGSDF Darker contrast on Type II Flecktarn camo to fit the color of winter plants. Used on JGSDF Type-2 Camouflage Cold Weather Field Parka and Trousers(防寒戦闘服外衣, 戦闘外被, or shortly 外被). 1991–present

Type III camouflage [ja] 		Recently adopted by the JGSDF Modified from ''Type II'' pattern with a 50% cotton/50% vinylon or 70% vinylon/30% cotton fabric (depending on the year of contract/manufacturer) and other changes including a change in the front closure, a mandarin collar, Velcro cuffs and pocket lids, wider pen pockets, a loop inside the right chest pocket for ID card chain, two calf storage pockets, and knee pads in the trousers. The back pocket on the trousers has been eliminated. The belt (made from the same fabric) comes with a name tag, unlike the former Type II Combat Uniform/Type II Camouflaged Work Uniform. The Type III Combat Uniform/Type III Camouflaged Work Uniform（戦闘服3型・迷彩作業服3型, or shortly 戦闘服）has the same pattern as the Type II camouflage. Each soldier receives two sets of the Type III Work Uniform after enlisting, and after the boot camp each soldier receives two sets of Type III Combat Uniform, Airborne Uniform or Tank Uniform, depending on the unit the soldier belongs to. The Combat Uniform and Camouflaged Work Uniform are identical to each other, except for the product tag. Commercial version of the item (100% polyester version, cotton/poli version etc.) is no longer authorized to be used, including the vinylon/cotton fabric version. The use of commercial combat cap in vinylon/cotton fabric is authorized. The commercial versions have slightly different shades. 2007–present

JGSDF Desert camouflage 		JGSDF International Peace Cooperation Activities Training Unit, JGSDF Central Readiness Force Adopted by the JGSDF for Middle Eastern deployments. This camo is a desert version of the JGSDF's flecktarn pattern. The first unit using this particular camouflage was the Central Readiness Force during the 4th DAPE (Deployment Air Force for Counter-Piracy Operation) in the Gulf of Aden. June 2010–present

Uniforms[edit]

Name Description Image
Combat Loading Set [ja] Miscellaneous clothing.
Combat Rainwear [ja] Issued as a personal item.
Combat Boots Type 2 [ja] Jungle boots with kevlar-like lining, the same model issued as a personal item is called "半長靴3型 (Boots Type 3 [ja])"
Cold-Weather Boots Compatible with military issue cross-country skis
Work Jacket Issued as personal item. Intended to be used in cold seasons over the work uniform. Consists of two chest pockets and two lower pockets (with flaps without closures).
Combat Underwear Type 2 Khaki flame-resistant T-shirt, mainly used for ceremonial purposes.
Cold-Weather Combat Uniform Inner (Under) A long-sleeved shirt and matching pants, made from thin synthetic fabric.
Cold-Weather Combat Uniform Inner (Outer) Acryl sweater and matching pants, comes with a buttoned collar which is worn folded.
Name tags Unlike the rank/skill insignias (in a green shade of the current camo), usually the name tags are in the olive drab of the Type 65 Work Uniform. Since the army regulation doesn't mention the name tags, each unit has its own regulation for the tags. Therefore, the layout, length, font, letters (Japanese or Latin alphabet), placement, method of attachment (either sewing or using velcro) etc. vary. Some troops do not use name tags for winter jackets.
Shoulder pouch May be purchased individually, since the combat uniform doesn't have shoulder pockets. There are various commercial versions. Some troops use the velcro version to attach unit patches, insignias etc..
Tracksuits and running shoes Recruits are required to buy their own tracksuits and a pair of running shoes upon enlistment. Called the "ジャー戦 (Jaasen, literally jersey and combat uniform)", it is composed of a combat jacket, combat cap, trackpants and sneakers. This uniform code is often used in boot camp for jogging, eating in canteen or bathing.
部隊識別帽 (Baseball Cap) Many troops use baseball caps with the troop's logo instead of the issued combat cap. Since it is unofficially introduced, it is not provided by the Force. There are no standards for the cap, although, in many cases the cap has the soldier's family name on top of the left ear.
CAB Clothing Coolnice 2 Pack OD T-shirts Issued to some troops during the 2011 Tohoku campaigns.
Carabiner May be purchased individually, to attach it to the either right or left waist tab on the combat uniform to hang gloves or combat cap.

Protection[edit]

Name Type Description Image
Type 66 helmet Helmet Largely replaced by the Type 88 helmet. Like the American M1 helmet upon which it was based, it is made of iron alloy.
Type 88 Helmet Helmet Japanese version of Kevlar PASGT helmet, replacing Type 66 helmet.
Combat Bullet-Proof Vest [ja] Bullet-proof vest Stored as a weapon, instead of a personal belonging, . Comes with ammo pouches. In some units, the Type 2 bullet-proof vest [ja] and/or Type 3 bullet-proof vest [ja] are issued .
Type 2 bullet-proof vest [ja] Bullet-proof vest Introduced in 1992
Type 3 bullet-proof vest [ja] Bullet-proof vest The improvement Type 3 Kai was Introduced in 2015.[1]
Type 18 Armoured Vest System (AVS) Bullet-proof vest Successor of the Type 3 bullet-proof vest [ja].

8,000 vests ordered under the 2023 military budget for JPY 2.7 billion.[1]

Rations[edit]

See also: List of military rations § Asia

Infantry weapons[edit]

Standard issue weapons[edit]

Name Type Caliber Origin Notes Image
Handguns
Minebea P9 Semi-automatic pistol 9×19mm Parabellum  West Germany
 Switzerland
 Japan 		Made under license by Minebea, designated the Minebea P9. Used with a leather holster or Safariland leg holster. Standard issue as of 1982.[3]
H&K SFP9-M Semi-automatic pistol 9×19mm Parabellum  Germany Replacement for the SIG P220 beginning in 2020. 323 pistols have been purchased.[4]
Submachine guns
Minebea 9mm Machine Pistol Submachine gun 9×19mm Parabellum  Japan Made by Minebea. Introduced in 1999, it is the only domestically produced submachine gun of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. It is derived from the Uzi.[5]
Assault rifles and battle rifles
Howa Type 89 Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO  Japan Service rifle, entered service in 1989.
Howa Type 64 Battle rifle 7.62×51mm NATO  Japan Service rifle, entered service in 1964. It is gas-operated.
Howa Type 20 Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO  Japan New service rifle, replacing the Howa Type 89, beginning in 2020.

A total of 3,283 rifles have been purchased.[6] 8,577 are to be purchased in 2024.[7]

Beretta GLX160 will be installed as under-barrel grenade launchers on some of the rifles.[7]

Machine guns
Sumitomo MINIMI 5.56mm Machine Gun Light machine gun 5.56×45mm NATO  Japan Made under license by Sumitomo, standard squad-level machine gun. Unique to the Sumitomo Minimi, the barrel has a heat shield.[8]
Minimi MK3 Light machine gun 5.56×45mm NATO  Belgium Successor of the Sumitomo MINIMI. 514 to be ordered in 2024 for $6.88 million.[7]

A total of 3,100 is planned to be purchased.

NTK/Sumitomo Type 62 machine gun General purpose machine gun 7.62×51mm NATO  Japan Made by Sumitomo. It has been largely superseded by the Minimi, but it is still used for infantry support as a medium machine gun, and in certain vehicle-mounted roles.[9]
NTK/Sumitomo Type 74 In-vehicle machine gun In-vehicle machine gun 7.62×51mm NATO  Japan Fixed-mount variant of the Type 62 used specifically for armoured fighting vehicles.[10]
Sumitomo J2 12.7mm Heavy Machine Gun Heavy machine gun 12.7x99mm NATO

(.50 BMG)

 United States
 Japan 		[11]

M2 Browning made under license by Sumitomo.

Precision rifles
Howa Type 64 Designated marksman rifle 7.62×51mm NATO  Japan
M24 A2 Sniper Rifle Sniper rifle 7.62×51mm NATO  United States Made by Remington Arms. Introduced to the JSDF in 2002, it is used by snipers,[12] the 1st Airborne Brigade[13] and Special Forces Group.[14] Being replaced by the HK417.[7]
HK417, G28 E2 Designated marksman rifle 7.62×51mm NATO  Germany 182 to be order in 2024 for $6.88 million.

The intention to purchase a total of 900 of these rifles.[7] Successor of the M24 A2.[7]

Grenades / grenade launchers
M67 series fragmentation grenade Hand grenade –  United States [15]
Beretta GLX 160 Under-barrel grenade launcher 40×46 mm LV  Italy Selected to equip the Type 20 rifles.[7]
Type 06 rifle grenade Rifle grenade –  Japan Made by Daikin in 2006. A HEAT rifle grenade that can be attached to either the Howa Type 64 or Type 89.[16]
Howa Type 96 40mm Automatic Grenade Launcher Automatic grenade launcher 40x46mm  Japan First entered service in 1996. It is a blow forward weapon and is used in both infantry and vehicle roles.[17]
Man-portable anti-tank systems
Howa 84RR Recoilless rifle 84x246mm  Japan Sweden Made under license by Howa, designated the 84 mm Recoilless Rifle.[18]
Nissan110mm LAM Anti-tank rocket launcher 110mm  Japan West Germany Made under license by Nissan/IHI IHI Aerospace.[19]
Type 79 Anti-Landing craft and Anti-Tank Missile Heavy anti-tank/landing-craft guided missile 153mm  Japan Built by Kawasaki.[20]
Type 87 Anti-Tank Missile Laser guided anti-tank missile 110mm  Japan Built by Kawasaki.[21]
Type 01 Light Anti-Tank Missile Anti-tank guided missile 140mm  Japan Built by Kawasaki.[22]
Mines
M18 Claymore mine Directional fragmentation anti-personnel mine –  United States Can be detonated either by tripwire or remote control.[23]

Special forces use[edit]

Name Type Caliber Origin Notes Image
Handguns
H&K USP Semi-automatic pistol 9×19mm Parabellum  Germany Only Japanese Special Forces Group.[24]
Submachine guns
H&K MP5 Submachine gun 9×19mm Parabellum  West Germany Only Japanese Special Forces Group.[25]
H&K MP7 Personal defense weapon HK 4.6×30mm  Germany Only Japanese Special Forces Group.[26]
Assault rifles and battle rifles
M4 carbine Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO  United States Only Japanese Special Forces Group.[27]
FN SCAR Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO  Belgium Only Japanese Special Forces Group.[28]
Heckler & Koch G36 Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO  Germany [29]

Only Japanese Special Forces Group[30]

Heckler & Koch HK416 Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO  Germany
HK417 Battle rifle 7.62×51mm NATO  Germany [31]

Being acquired for the JGSDF as the G28.

Grenades / grenade launchers
M203 grenade launcher Underbarrel grenade launcher 40x46mm  United States [32]
M32A1 Multiple Grenade Launcher Rotary grenade launcher 40x46mm  South Africa [33]
Man-portable anti-tank systems
M72 LAW Disposable anti-tank rocket launcher 66mm  United States Norway [34]

Indirect fire[edit]

Name Type Caliber Origin Quantiy Notes Image
Mortars
Type 96 Heavy mortar (RT 120mm Mortar) Heavy mortar 120mm  France 462 Built under license with the ordnance by Howa. Total of 462 purchased from 1990 to 2017.[35]
L16 81mm Mortar Mortar 81mm  United Kingdom — Built under license with the ordnance by Howa.[36]
Hirtenberger M6C-210 Light mortar 60mm  Austria — [37]
Self-propelled mortar
Type 96 120 mm Self-propelled Mortar Self-propelled mortar 120 mm  Japan 24 Nicknamed the Gottohanma (God hammer). Built by Hitachi/Howa[38]
Howitzer
FH-70 Towed howitzer 155 mm  United Kingdom
 West Germany
 Italy 		480 Built under license with the ordnance by Japan Steel Works. Total of 480 built as of 2008.[39]
Self-propelled howitzer
M110 Self-propelled Howitzer Self-propelled howitzer 203 mm  United States 31 Built under license with the ordnance by Japan Steel Works and Komatsu
Type 99 155 mm Self-propelled Howitzer Self-propelled howitzer 155 mm L/52  Japan 135 Built by Mitsubishi/Japan Steel Works
Type 19 155 mm Wheeled self-propelled howitzer 155 mm L/52  Japan 14 Built by Japan Steel Works

7 ordered with 2019 budget 7 ordered with 2020 budget [40] 16 Type 19 to be ordered with 2024 budget.[41] Up to 200 planned eventually [42]

Rocket artillery
M270 MLRS Multiple rocket launcher —  Japan United States 54 Built under license with the ordnance by IHI AEROSPACE
Artillery support vehicles
Type 99 Artillery Support Vehicle Artillery Support Vehicle —  Japan — Built by Hitachi
Type 87 Ammunition resupply vehicle —  Japan — Built by Hitachi

Armoured fighting vehicles[edit]

Name Quantity Origin Image Notes
Main Battle Tanks (~449)
Type-10 ~106  Japan [43]
Type-90 ~258 [43]
Type-74 ~85 [43]
Assault Guns (~156)
Type-16 ~156  Japan [43]
Reconnaissance (~110)
Type-87 ~110  Japan [43]
Infantry fighting vehicle (~68)
Type-89 ~68  Japan [43]
Name Type Origin Quantity Notes Image
Armoured fighting vehicles
Middle range Multi-Purpose Missile System (Chū-MPMS) Anti-tank/landing-craft missile  Japan — Built by Kawasaki.
Type 96 Multi-Purpose Missile System Anti-tank/landing-craft missile  Japan — Built by Kawasaki.[44]
Reconnaissance vehicles
Chemical Reconnaissance Vehicle Chemical reconnaissance vehicle  Japan 34 Built by Komatsu
NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear reconnaissance vehicle  Japan 21 Built by Komatsu
Armoured vehicles
Type 73 Armored Personnel Carrier Armoured personnel carrier  Japan 338[45] Built by Mitsubishi
Type 96 Wheeled Armored Personnel Carrier[46] Armoured personnel carrier  Japan 400[47] Built by Komatsu
Type 82 Command and Communication Vehicle Command and communication vehicle  Japan 197 Built by Komatsu. Similar in role to the American M1130 Commander's Vehicle.
Komatsu LAV Armored car  Japan 1,818 Built until 2019.
Bushmaster Protected Mobility Vehicle Infantry mobility vehicle  Australia 8 Built by Thales Australia
AAV7A1 RAM/RS Amphibious assault vehicle  United States 52 Imported from BAE Systems.
Armoured recovery/engineering vehicle
Type 11 Armoured Recovery Vehicle Armoured recovery vehicle  Japan 4 Built by Mitsubishi
Type 90 Armoured Recovery Vehicle Armoured recovery vehicle  Japan 30 Built by Mitsubishi
Type 78 Armoured Recovery Vehicle Armoured recovery vehicle  Japan 36 Built by Mitsubishi
Type 91 Armoured Vehicle-launched Bridge Armoured vehicle-launched bridge  Japan 22 Built by Mitsubishi
Type 92 Mine Clearance Vehicle Mine clearance vehicle – equipped with a mine-clearing line charge system  Japan Built by Nissan Motor Aerospace division (pre-2000)/IHI Aerospace Co., Ltd./Hitachi
Miscellaneous
Mitsubishi Type 73 Light Truck Off-road vehicle  Japan Built by Mitsubishi. Production ceased in 1997.
Toyota Type 73 Medium Truck Four-wheel drive truck  Japan Built by Toyota. Used specifically for transport purposes.
Isuzu Type 73 Heavy Truck Heavy truck  Japan Built by Isuzu.
Mitsubishi Fuso Type 74 Extra Large Truck Heavy truck  Japan Built by Mitsubishi Fuso (formerly Mitsubishi Motors)
Mitsubishi Fuso Type 73 Semi-trailer Truck Semi-trailer truck  Japan Built by Mitsubishi Fuso (formerly Mitsubishi Motors)
Toyota High Mobility Vehicle Four-wheel drive sport utility vehicle  Japan 3,000 Built by Toyota. Production ceased in 2001.
Honda XL250 Reconnaissance motorcycle  Japan Built by Honda. Production ceased in 1992.

Air defence[edit]

Name Type Caliber Origin Quantity Notes Image
Man portable air-defence
Type 91 Portable Surface-to-Air Missile Man portable surface-to-air missile 80mm  Japan — Built by Toshiba.
FIM-92A Stinger Man-portable air-defense system 70mm  United States — [48]
Short range air-defence missiles
Type 81 Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile Surface-to-air missile 160mm  Japan — Built by Toshiba.
Type 93 Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile Surface-to-air missile 80mm  Japan — Built by Toshiba.
Type 11 Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile Surface-to-air missile 160mm  Japan — Built by Toshiba.

Medium range air defence missiles
Improved-HAWK Surface-to-air missile 370mm  United States — Made under license by Mitsubishi/Toshiba.
Type 03 Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile Surface-to-air missile 320mm  Japan — Built by Mitsubishi/Toshiba.
Anti-aircraft gun
Type 87 SPAAG Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun 35 mm  Japan 52 Built by Mitsubishi, nicknamed as the '"Gum-tank" (Gundam Tank).

Coastal defence[edit]

Name Type Caliber Origin Notes Image
Surface-to-Ship Missile
Type 12 Surface-to-Ship Missile[49] Anti-ship missile 350mm  Japan Built by Mitsubishi.
Type 88 Surface-to-Ship Missile[50] Anti-ship missile 350mm  Japan Built by Mitsubishi.

Aircraft[edit]

Name Origin Role Variant In service On order Notes Photo
Fixed-wing aircraft
Beechcraft Super King Air B300  United States Reconnaissance and communications LR-2 8 [51] —
Tilt-rotor aircraft
Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey  United States V/STOL military transport aircraft MV-22B 14 [52] + 3 [52] 17 planned in total [53]
Rotary-wing aircraft
Boeing AH-64 Apache  United States Japan Attack helicopter AH-64DJP 12 [51] — 13 built by Fuji. One crashed on 5 February 2018.[54]
Bell AH-1 Cobra  United States Japan Attack helicopter AH-1S 48 [51] — Built by Fuji.
Kawasaki OH-1  Japan Scout helicopter OH-1 37 [51] — Replaced the OH-6D fleet.
UH-60 Black Hawk  United States Japan Transport helicopter UH-60JA 40 [51] — Most built by Mitsubishi
Bell UH-1  United States Japan Utility helicopter UH-1H
UH-1J 		115 [51] — Built by Fuji. To be replaced by a version of the Bell 412 EPI.
Bell 412  Canada United States Japan Utility helicopter UH-2

Bell 412 EPI

6 [52] + 21

+123 [52]

150 planned to be ordered in the programme.[55][56]

Confirmed purchases:

  • 6 ordered in 2019
  • 20 ordered in 2021
  • 13 ordered in 2023
Boeing CH-47 Chinook  United States Japan Transport helicopter CH-47J
CH-47JA 		50 [51] — Built by Kawasaki
Trainer aircraft
Enstrom 480  United States Trainer helicopter TH-480B 30 [52]
UAVs (Unmanned aerial vehicles)
Fuji FFOS

and

Fuji FFRS

 Japan Reconnais-sance UAV Small helicopter unmanned aerial vehicle. Primarily used as a forward reconnaissance platform for field artillery.[57][58]
Boeing Insitu ScanEagle  United States Reconnais-sance UAV 1 Delivered by Insitu Pacific[59]
Yamaha R-MAX  Japan Reconnais-sance UAV Small helicopter unmanned aerial vehicle[60]
Honeywell RQ-16 T-Hawk  United States Surveillance unmanned aerial vehicle Apparently in service in some numbers with the Central Readiness Force. Used primarily for hazardous area reconnaissance (e.g. radiation survey).
Japanese Emperor’s Royal Flight Service
Eurocopter EC 225  Europe VIP helicopter EC 225LP 3 — Replacing the AS332L[61][62]

Future equipment of the Japan Ground Self-Defence Force[edit]

Vehicles[edit]

Name Origin Type Quantity Notes Image
Armoured vehicles
—  Japan Infantry combat vehicle — New platform in development to replace the Mitsubishi Type 89 IFV.[63]
—  Japan Armoured personnel carrier — New tracked platform in development to replace the Type 73 Armored Personnel Carrier.[63]
—  Japan Armoured mortar carrier — New platform in development to be equipped with a turreted 120mm mortar.[63]
Type 16 ICV  Japan Infantry combat vehicle 24

+ 1 prototype

Based on the Type 16 (Common Tactical Wheeled Vehicle programme), first orders made with 2024 budget, delivery from 2027 [64] Equipment:[65]
Type 16 RCV  Japan Reconnaissance combat vehicle 1 prototype Based on the Type 16 (Common Tactical Wheeled Vehicle programme), being tested and to replace the Type 87 RCV[64][65]

Equipment:[65]

Type 16 MMCV  Japan Armoured mortar carrier 8

+ 1 prototype

Based on the Type 16 (Common Tactical Wheeled Vehicle programme), first orders made with 2024 budget, delivery from 2027. Planned to replace the Type 96 120 mm Self-propelled Mortar.[64][65]

Equipment:[65]

Patria AMVXP,  Japan Finland Armoured personnel carrier 810

(Approximately)

Type 96 replacement.

First batch of 140 ordered. [66][67][68]

Mowag Eagle V

or Thales Hawkei

  Switzerland

or

 Australia

Armored car Up to 2,000 Komatsu LAV replacement, selection of the successor ongoing.

[69]

or

Historic, retired or reserve equipment[edit]

See also: Historic, retired or reserve equipment of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
See also: List of Japanese military equipment of World War II

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  54. ^ (in Japanese)https://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20180205-00050042-yom-soci Archived 5 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  55. ^ Donald, David Fuji and Bell Working Together for UH-X 12 July 2017 Archived 22 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine AI Online Retrieved 22 February 2017
  56. ^ Bell Helicopter Congratulates Fuji Heavy Industries on Japanese Ministry of Defense UH-X Contract Award 2 September 2015 Archived 22 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine Bell Helicopters Retrieved 22 February 2017
  57. ^ GSDF Fuji School 57th Open Day 2011 [Part Two] Archived 8 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine Japan Security Watch, 21 August 2011
  58. ^ "Fuji FFOS (Japan), Unmanned helicopters – Rotary-wing – Military". Jane's Information Group. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  59. ^ Insitu Pacific Delivers ScanEagle UAS for the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine – Insitu.com, 14 May 2013
  60. ^ "Yamaha RMAX (Japan), Unmanned helicopters – Rotary-wing – Civil". Jane's Information Group. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  61. ^ "Eurocopter Canada – News 04/07/06". Eurocopter.ca. Archived from the original on 7 May 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
  62. ^ EADS Press Release – Japan Defense Agency Received First EC225 In VIP Configuration For The Japanese Emperor’s Royal Flight Service Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  63. ^ a b c Solomon. "JGSDF Experimental Future Tracked IFV Platform". Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  64. ^ a b c "Japan to order new combat vehicles in 2024". Janes.com. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  65. ^ a b c d e Team, ESD Editorial (1 February 2023). "Japan's Wheeled Vehicle Programmes Race for the Finish Line". euro-sd.com. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  66. ^ "Japan selects Patria's AMV for Type 96 replacement programme". Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  67. ^ Yeo, Mike (13 December 2022). "Japan selects winner of wheeled armored personnel carrier competition". Defense News. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  68. ^ "Patria taps on Japan Steel Works for 8x8 vehicle production in Japan". 11 September 2023.
  69. ^ "Japan to procure Hawkei, Eagle light vehicles for trials". Janes.com. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
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