Hasandong Formation

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Coordinates: 35°06′N 128°00′E / 35.1°N 128.0°E / 35.1; 128.0
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Hasandong Formation
Stratigraphic range: Aptian-Albian
~118.0–112.4 Ma
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofShindong Group
UnderliesJinju Formation
OverliesNakdong Formation
Thickness1200 metres
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone
OtherShale, sandstone
Location
Coordinates35°06′N 128°00′E / 35.1°N 128.0°E / 35.1; 128.0
Approximate paleocoordinates41°18′N 128°06′E / 41.3°N 128.1°E / 41.3; 128.1
RegionNorth Gyeongsang Province
Country South Korea
Hasandong Formation is located in South Korea
Hasandong Formation
Hasandong Formation (South Korea)

The Hasandong Formation (Korean: 하산동층; Hanja: 霞山洞層; RR: Hasandong-cheung) is an Early Cretaceous (Aptian to Albian) geologic formation in South Korea. It has been dated to the late Aptian and earliest Albian, between 118.0 ± 2.6 Ma and 112.4 ± 1.3 Ma.[1] Dinosaur remains diagnostic to the genus level are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.[2] Tracks of the pterosaur ichnospecies Pteraichnus koreanensis have also been recovered from the unit.[3]

Fossil content[edit]

Invertebrate fossils[edit]

Few fragments of insects have been discovered from the formation.[4]

Molluscs[edit]

Molluscs reported from the Hasandong Formation[5]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Plicatounio P. naktongensis
P. okjuni
P. yooni
Nagdongia N. soni
Trigonioides T. jaehoi
T. kodairai
T. tamurai
Brotiopsis B. kobayashii
B. naktongensis
B. ryohoriensis
B. wakinoensis
Viviparus[6] V. sp. Architaenioglossan gastropod, probably V. keishoensis
Probaicalia P. katoensis[7] Hydrobiidae gastropod; species previously assigned to the genus Micromelania

Ostracods[edit]

Ostracod carapaces have been discovered from the formation.[4]

Ostracods reported from the Hasandong Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Cypridea C. cf. trita[8][9]

Vertebrate fossils[edit]

Actinopterygii[edit]

Ray-finned fish reported from the Hasandong Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Sinamia[10] S. sp. Partial Skeleton
Lepidotes[4] L. sp. Partial Skeleton

Testudines[edit]

Shell fragments of testudines have been discovered.

Turtles reported from the Hasandong Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Proadocus[11] P. hadongensis Partial Skeleton Adocid turtle

Crocodylomorpha[edit]

Several teeth remains have been reported but are not assigned to the specific clade.

Crocodylomorphs reported from the Hasandong Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
"Hadongsuchus"[12] "H. acerdentis" Skull nomen nudum

Pterosaurs[edit]

Pterosaurs reported from the Hasandong Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Pterodactyloidea[13][14][15] Indeterminate Teeth and a partial second wing phalanx Dental remains belong to either Boreopteridae or Anhanguerian
Dsungaripteridae[16] Indeterminate Incomplete wing phalanx

Dinosaurs[edit]

Several indeterminate theropod teeth remains have been reported.

Dinosaurs reported from the Hasandong Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Carcharodontosauridae Indeterminate Teeth Some dental remains show similarities with Acrocanthosaurus
Hadrosauroidea Indeterminate Tooth
Titanosauriformes[17][18] Indeterminate A partial skeleton and several teeth showing different morphotypes Includes Chiayusaurus lacustris and Pukyongosaurus milleniumi, both of which are nomen dubium
Tyrannosauroidea[19] Indeterminate Tooth, estimated crown length ~18mm

Ichnofossils[edit]

Tracks of theropods, sauropods and ornithopods have been discovered from the formation.[4][20]

Ichnofossils reported from the Hasandong Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Pteraichnus[3] P. koreaensis Pterosaur tracks
Sauripes[21] S. hadongensis The oldest lizard tracks showing bipedalism
Diplocraterion[22] D. luniforme
Beaconites B. coronus[20]
Circulichnus C. montanus[20]
Cochlichnus C. anguineus[20]
Chondrites C. isp.[20]
Helminthopsis H. abeli & H. hieroglyphica[20]
Laevicyclus L. isp.[20]
Planolites P. annularius, P. beverleyensis & P. montanus[20]
Skolithos S. magnus, S. verticalis & S. isp.[20]
Spirodesmos S. isp.[20]
Taenidium T. barretti[20]
Thalassinoides T. paradoxicus & T. suevicus[20]

Eggs[edit]

Unnamed dinosaur egg fossils have been reported.

Eggs reported from the Hasandong Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Testudoolithus[4] T. aff. curiosa Turtle eggs

Paleoflora[edit]

Consists of 6 genera and 9 species. The assemblage of plant fossils from the Hasandong represents the 'mixed' type of Tetori-type and Ryoseki-type flora.

Plants reported from the Hasandong Formation[23]
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Brachyphyllum B. japonicum Araucariaceae conifer
Cladophlebis C. denticulata
C. (Eboracia?) lobifolia
C. (Klukia?) koraiensis
C. shinshuensis
Elatocladus E. tennerima Conifer with an unknown systematic position
Onychiopsis O. elongata Leptosporangiate fern
Taeniopteris T.? sp. cf. T. auriculata The specific systematic position of this form genus is unknown.
Thallites T. yabei Liverwort

Photo[edit]

Seaside Hasandong Formation in Sulsang-Yangpo Area, Jingyo District, Hadong County
Seaside Hasandong Formation in Daechiri Area, Geumnam District, Hadong County
Seaside Hasandong Formation in Songmunri Area, Geumnam District, Hadong County


See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Lee, Tae-Ho; Park, Kye-Hun; Yi, Keewook (October 2018). "Nature and evolution of the Cretaceous basins in the eastern margin of Eurasia: A case study of the Gyeongsang Basin, SE Korea". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 166: 19–31. Bibcode:2018JAESc.166...19L. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.07.004. S2CID 135061525.
  2. ^ Weishampel, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Le Loueff, Jean; Xu, Xing; Zhao, Xijin; Sahni, Ashok; Gomani, Emily M.P.; Noto, Christopher N. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (Second ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 517–607. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8.
  3. ^ a b Y.-N. Lee, H.-J. Lee, J. and Y. Kobayashi. 2008. New pterosaur tracks from the Hasandong Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Hadong County, South Korea. Cretaceous Research 29:345-353.
  4. ^ a b c d e Choi, S.; Kim, H.; Paik, I.; Park, Y.; Jung, H.; Xu, X. (2023). "Turtle eggs from the Lower Cretaceous Hasandong Formation (South Korea) with relict aragonite under significant thermal maturity". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 42 (4). e2183866. doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2183866.
  5. ^ Kim, Jeong Yul; Huh, Min (2018). Dinosaurs, Birds, and Pterosaurs of Korea: A Paradise of Mesozoic Vertebrates (PDF). Springer Nature. ISBN 978-981-10-6998-7.
  6. ^ Yun, Cheol-Soo; Yang, Seung-Yeong (2001). "Cretaceous Non-marine Molluscan Fauna From the Euiseong Subbasin in Korea". Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea. 17 (1): 1–14 – via DBpia.
  7. ^ Isaji, S. (2023). "Molluscan Faunal Changes from Brackish to Freshwater Deposits in the Lower Cretaceous Itsuki Formation of the Tetori Group, Japan". Paleontological Research. 28 (1): 1–25. doi:10.2517/PR220022. S2CID 257962930.
  8. ^ Hayashi, K. (2006). "Nonmarine ostracode zonation and long-distance correlation based on analysis of regional ostracode successions in China, Korea, Japan, and Mongolia". Cretaceous Research. 27 (2): 168–188. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.11.007.
  9. ^ Qin, Z.-H.; Xi, D.-P.; Choi, B.-D.; Ye, Y.-Q.; Wan, X.-Q. (2021). "Lowermost occurrence of ostracod Cypridea species in East Asia and implications for the non-marine Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary". Palaeoworld. 30 (1): 148–168. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.04.003.
  10. ^ Yabumoto, Y.; Yang, S.Y.; Kim, T.W. (2006). "Early Cretaceous freshwater fishes from Japan and Korea" (PDF). Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea. 22 (1): 119–132.
  11. ^ Kim, D. H.; Lee, Y.-N.; Ko, H.; Park, J.-Y.; Kim, S.-H.; Lee, S.; Jung, S.-H.; Kong, D.-Y. (2023). "The first adocid turtle in South Korea (Lower Cretaceous) and the early evolution of the Adocidae". Cretaceous Research. 105665. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105665.
  12. ^ Lee, Hang-Jae. A New Protosuchian (Archosauria: Crocodyliformes) Skull from the Hasandong Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Hadong, Korea. Master's thesis, Chungnam National University, 2005.
  13. ^ Park, J.-Y.; Lee, S.; Kim, S.-H.; Son, M.; Lee, Y.-N. (2020). "A pterosaur wing phalanx from the Lower Cretaceous Hasandong Formation of Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea" 경상남도 하동군 하부 백악기 하산동층에서 산출된 익룡 지골 화석 [A pterosaur wing phalanx from the Lower Cretaceous Hasandong Formation of Hadong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea] (PDF). Journal of the Geological Society of Korea. 56 (1): 77–84. doi:10.14770/jgsk.2020.56.1.77. S2CID 216159474.
  14. ^ Yun, Chan-Gyu (2021). "Boreopterid pterosaur fossils from South Korea reconsidered". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 82: 567–568.
  15. ^ Yun, Chan-Gyu (2024). "Geometric morphometric approach to establish phylogenetic affinities of enigmatic pterosaur specimens from the Lower Cretaceous of South Korea". Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae. 20 (1): 77–86. doi:10.35463/j.apr.2024.01.06.
  16. ^ Lim, Jong-Deock; Baek, Kwang-Seok; Yang, Seung Young (2002). "A new record of a pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Korea". Current Science. 82 (10): 1208–1210. JSTOR 24107042.
  17. ^ Z. Dong, I. S. Paik, and H. J. Kim. 2001. A preliminary report on a sauropod from the Hasandong Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Korea. In T. Deng, Y. Wang (eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Chinese Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 41-53.
  18. ^ Choi, Seung; Lee, Yuong-Nam (2017-12-01). "A review of vertebrate body fossils from the Korean Peninsula and perspectives". Geosciences Journal. 21 (6): 867–889. doi:10.1007/s12303-017-0040-6. ISSN 1598-7477.
  19. ^ Lee, Yuong-Nam (2008-03-01). "The first tyrannosauroid tooth from Korea". Geosciences Journal. 12 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1007/s12303-008-0003-z. ISSN 1598-7477.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kim, J.Y.; Pickerill, R. (2002). "Cretaceous Nonmarine Trace Fossils from the Hasandong and Jinju Formations of the Namhae Area, Kyongsangnamdo, Southeast Korea". Ichnos. 9 (1–2): 41–60. doi:10.1080/10420940190034076.
  21. ^ Lee, H.J.; Lee, Y.N.; Fiorillo, A.R.; Lü, J. (2018). "Lizards ran bipedally 110 million years ago". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 2617. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.2617L. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20809-z. PMC 5814403. PMID 29449576.
  22. ^ J.-Y., Kim; I. S., Paik (1997). "Nonmarine Diplocraterion luniforme (Blanckenhorn 1916) from the Hasandong Formation (Cretaceous) of the Jinju area, Korea". Ichnos. 5 (2): 131–138. doi:10.1080/10420949709386412.
  23. ^ Kim, Jong-Heon; Nam, Kye-Soo; Lee, Seong-Bok; Jeon, Yeong-Seok (2016). "Fossil Plants from the Early Cretaceous Hasandong Formation of Chilgok Area, Korea" (PDF). Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society. 37 (5): 295−308. doi:10.5467/JKESS.2016.37.5.295.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Weishampel, David B.; Peter Dodson, and Halszka Osmólska (eds.). 2004. The Dinosauria, 2nd edition, 1–880. Berkeley: University of California Press. Accessed 2019-02-21. ISBN 0-520-24209-2
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