English clause element

English clause elements are the minimum set of units needed to describe the linear structure of a clause.

Traditionally, they are partly identified by terms such as subject and object. Their distribution in a clause is partly indicated by traditional terms defining verbs as transitive or intransitive.

Modern English reference grammars are in broad agreement as to a full inventory, but are not unanimous in their terminology or their classification. Clause elements may be identified by unique terms. However, they may be identified by more general terms and further classified according to the type of verb.

Comprehensive grammar of the English language

This grammar recognises seven types of clause structure and seven positions where elements may be identified.

		1	2	3		4	5	6	7
a.		Someone	was laughing.
b.		My mother	enjoys			parties.
c.		The country	became				totally independent.
d.		I	have been						in the garden.
e.		Mary	gave	the visitor		a glass of milk.
f.		Most people	consider			these books		rather expensive.
g.		You	must put			all the toys			upstairs.

The elements of the clause structures are labelled with these terms and abbreviations:

1. Subject (S)

2. Verb (V)

3-4. Object (O)

5-6. Complement (C)

7. Adverbial (A)

The grammar further differentiates Object and Complement into:

• Indirect object (3 in clause e)
• Direct object (4 in clauses b, e, f, g)
• Subject complement (5 in clause c)
• Object complement (6 in clause f)

These patterns correspond to a classification of the verb:

	Clause type	Verb type
a.	SV	INTRANSITIVE
b.	SVO	TRANSITIVE (MONOTRANSITIVE)
c.	SVC	COPULAR
d.	SVA	COPULAR
e.	SVOO	TRANSITIVE (DITRANSITIVE)
f.	SVOC	TRANSITIVE (COMPLEX TRANSITIVE)
g.	SVOA	TRANSITIVE (COMPLEX TRANSITIVE)

The example sentences contain only obligatory clause elements. The same seven patterns are recognised for longer sentences with added optional adverbials.

a′. Someone [S] was laughing [V] loudly [A] in the next room [A].

b′. My mother [S] usually [A] enjoys [V] parties [O] very much [A].

c′. In 1945 [A] the country [S] became [V] totally independent [C].

d′. I [S] have been [V] in the garden [A] all the time [A] since lunch [A].

e′. Mary [S] willingly [A] gave [V] the visitor [O] a glass of milk [O].

f′. Most people [S] consider [V] these books [O] rather expensive [C], actually [A].

g′. You [S] must put [V] all the toys [O] upstairs [A] immediately [A].

The Longman grammar of spoken and written English

This grammar recognises the seven patterns as above, but using partly different terms and abbreviations:

1. Subject (S)
2. Verb phrase (V)
3. Indirect object (O_i)
4. Direct Object (O_d)
5. Subject predicative (P_s)
6. Object predicative (P_o)
7. Circumstance adverbial (A_c)

In addition, it recognises a clause type with a different verb type: a Prepositional verb.

8. One relied on other people.

The grammar recognises rely on as a prepositional verb, followed by a

Prepositional object (O_p).

It also recognises two further types of adverbial in sentences such as

9. It would be unfortunate, to put it mildly.

10. Nevertheless, it moves.

In 9, to put it mildly is loosely attached to the clause It would be unfortunate. It expresses the attitude of the speaker/writer. This grammar uses the term and abbreviation: Stance adverbial (A_s)

In 10, nevertheless functions as a connection between the clause and a preceding clause. This grammar uses the term and abbreviation: Linking adverbial (A_l)

Thus the grammar recognises the patterns:

a. Someone [S] was laughing [V].

b. My mother [S] enjoys [V] parties [O_d].

c. The country [S] became [V] totally independent [P_s].

d. I [S] have been [V] in the garden [A_c].

e. Mary [S] gave [V] the visitor [O_i] a glass of milk [O_d].

f. Most people [S] consider [V] these books [O_d] rather expensive [P_o].

g. You [S] must put [V] all the toys [O_d] upstairs [A_c].

h. One [S] relied on [V] other people [O_p].

i. It [S] would be [V] unfortunate [P_s], to put it mildly [A_s].

j. Nevertheless [A_l], it [S] moves [V].

In clauses of types a-h the order of elements is normally fixed. However, stance adverbials and linking adverbials are more mobile. For example,

i′. To put it mildly [A_s], it [S] would be [V] unfortunate [P_s].

j′. It [S] moves [V], nevertheless [A_l].

Cambridge grammar

This grammar recognises a basic distinction between predicator, complement and adjunct.

At this basic level, it recognises the elements numbered above with the following terms and abbreviations:

1. Complement (C)

2. Predicator (P)

3-7. Complement (C)

The term Adjunct (A) is reserved for elements which are not obligatory.

This produces the analyses:

d. I [C] have been [P] in the garden [C].

d′. I [C] have been [P] in the garden [C] all the time [A] since lunch [A].

g. You [C] must put [P] all the toys [C] upstairs [C].

g′. You [C] must put [P] all the toys [C] upstairs [C] immediately [A].

At a more detailed level, the grammar distinguishes the complements between subject and predicative complement

1. Subject (S)

2. Predicator (P)

3. Object (indirect) (Oⁱ)

4. Object (direct) (O^d)

5-6. Predicative complement (PC)

7. Locative complement (LC)

Predicative complements are distinguished according to the verb type. This produces the following analyses:

Verb type		Example clause
Intransitive	a.	Someone [S] was laughing [P].
Transitive	b.	My mother [S] enjoys [P] parties [Od].
Complex-Intransitive	c.	The country [S] became [P] totally independent [PC].
Complex-Intransitive	d.	I [S] have been [P] in the garden [LC].
Ditransitive	e.	Mary [S] gave [P] the visitor [Oi] a glass of milk [Od].
Complex-Transitive	f.	Most people [S] consider [P] these books [Od] rather expensive [PC].
Complex-Transitive	g.	You [S] must put [P] all the toys [Od] upstairs [LC].