Operation Fenix
| Operation Fenix | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Kosovo War | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Kosovo Liberation Army |
 Yugoslav Army | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Agim Ramadani Rrustem Berisha Nasim Haradinaj Xhezair Shaqiri |
Vidoje Kovačević Dragutin Dimćevski | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
|
"KOBRA" unit from the 3rd Operative Group GO-3 (later renamed to 138th Brigade "Agim Ramadani") |
Prishtina Corps Units 549th Motorized Brigade 53rd Border Battalion | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
unknown |
20 soldiers 1 tank 2 APC 2 helicopters | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
none |
6 killed 6 wounded 1 Pinzgauer damaged 1 BOV destroyed[1] | ||||||
Operation Fenix[2] was an operation launched by militants of the KLA's "cobra" unit, which conducted two ambushes out of Albanian territory near the border outpost of Koshare on Yugoslav forces. Six Yugoslav Army personnel were killed. The KLA suffered no casualties, and captured Yugoslav ammunition, equipment and robbed the dead soldiers.[3]
Background[edit]
In 1989, Belgrade abolished self-rule in Serbia's two autonomous provinces, Vojvodina and Kosovo.[4] Kosovo, a province inhabited predominantly by ethnic Albanians, was of great historical and cultural significance to Serbs.[5] Prior to the mid-19th century they had formed a majority in the province, but by 1990 represented only about 10 percent of the population.[6] Alarmed by their dwindling numbers, the province's Serbs began to fear they were being "squeezed out" by the Albanians, with whom ethnic tensions had been brewing since the early 1980s.[7] As soon as Kosovo's autonomy was abolished, a minority government run by Serbs and Montenegrins was appointed by Serbian President Slobodan Milošević to oversee the province, enforced by thousands of heavily armed paramilitaries from Serbia-proper. Albanian culture was systematically repressed and hundreds of thousands of Albanians working in state-owned companies lost their jobs.[4]
In 1996, a ragtag group of Albanian nationalists calling themselves the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) began attacking the Yugoslav Army (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Vojska Jugoslavije; VJ) and the Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova; MUP) in Kosovo. Their goal was to separate the province from the rest of Yugoslavia, which following the separation of Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1991–92, became a rump federation made up of Serbia and Montenegro. At first the KLA carried out hit-and-run attacks: 31 in 1996, 55 in 1997, and 66 in January and February 1998 alone.[8] The group quickly gained popularity among young Kosovo Albanians, many of whom favored a more aggressive approach and rejected the non-violent resistance of politician Ibrahim Rugova.[9] It received a significant boost in 1997 when civil unrest in neighboring Albania led to thousands of weapons from the Albanian Army's depots being looted. Many of these weapons ended up in the hands of the KLA.[10] The group's popularity skyrocketed after the VJ and MUP attacked the compound of KLA leader Adem Jashari in March 1998, killing him, his closest associates and most of his extended family. The attack motivated thousands of young Kosovo Albanians to join the KLA, fueling the Kosovar uprising that eventually erupted in the spring of 1998.[11]
Events[edit]
The men, who were part of the KLA's "Cobra" unit, first prepared for the ambush by laying anti tank mines.[12] Later, a Yugoslav tank came and detonated one of the anti tank mines. The blast killed one soldier and injured four others. A Yugoslav army helicopter was sent out to pick up the surviving soldiers, but it was fired upon by the KLA.[13] A second attack happened shortly after, this time close to the Košare border outpost. The KLA fighters ambushed a Yugoslav army vehicle. They opened fire upon the vehicle and threw hand grenades at it, killing five Yugoslav soldiers and wounding two more.[14] They then collected ammunition and equipment from the vehicle and soldiers and robbed the dead of their personal belongings. The KLA then opened fire to another helicopter which came to evacuate the wounded.[15]
Aftermath[edit]
The higher court in the southern Serbian city of Niš on February 17, 2016, found Sicer Maloku, Gashi Xhafer, Demush Gacaferi, Deme Maloku, Agron Isufi, Anton Cuni, Rabit Alija and Rrustem Berisha guilty of acts of terrorism and ordered each of them to be jailed for 15 years for their involvement in two attacks on Yugoslav Army troops in Kosare on the same day in 1998. Rrustem Berisha is currently a Kosovar politician and military officer. He is currently the Minister of Defense of Kosovo. he responded to the conviction by saying this; “We had uniforms. We were soldiers and we fought against soldiers. They [the Yugoslav Army] killed civilians including elderly people, children and women."[16] Former Prime Minister of Kosovo Isa Mustafa said that a Serbian court's decision to convict eight former Kosovo Liberation Army fighters of killing Yugoslav Army troops in September 1998 was a farce.[17] Mustafa said that courts in Serbia have no right to judge Kosovo's citizens and even less to try former KLA fighters who were involved in what he called a liberation war and respected the laws and customs of warfare.
None of the former KLA militants have served the sentence they were given.[18]
References[edit]
- ^ "Kosovo Ex-Guerrillas Await Yugoslav Army Ambush Verdict". 16 February 2016.
- ^ "Operacioni i koduar "Fenix"". Bota Sot. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
- ^ Nikolic, Ivana. "Kosovo Ex-Guerrillas Await Yugoslav Army Ambush Verdict". Balkan Insight.
A Serbian court delivers its verdict this week in the case of eight former Kosovo Liberation Army fighters accused of terrorism for ambushing and killing Yugoslav Army troops in 1998.
- ^ a b Adam LeBor (2002). Milosevic: A Biography. New York. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-300-10317-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Miranda Vickers (1999). The Albanians: A Modern History. New York: I.B.Tauris. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-86064-541-9.
- ^ James Summers (2011). "Kosovo: From Yugoslav Province to Disputed Independence". In James Summers (ed.). Kosovo: A Precedent?. Leiden, Netherlands: BRILL. p. 5. ISBN 978-90-474-2943-2.
- ^ Jasminka Udovički; James Ridgeway (2000). Burn This House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 322. ISBN 978-0-8223-2590-1.
- ^ Judah, Tim (2002). Kosovo: War and Revenge. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-300-09725-2.
- ^ Dušan Janjić (2012). "Kosovo under the Milošević Regime". In Charles W. Ingrao; Thomas A. Emmert (eds.). Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative (2nd ed.). West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-1-55753-617-4.
- ^ Judah, pp. x, 127–30
- ^ Judah, pp. 138–41
- ^ Nikolic, Ivana. "Kosovo Ex-Guerrillas Await Yugoslav Army Ambush Verdict". Balkan insight.
The indictment alleges that the eight accused men – Sicer Maloku, Gashi Xhafer, Demush Gacaferi, Deme Maloku, Agron Isufi, Anton Cuni, Rabit Alija and Rrustem Berisha – first prepared an ambush for Yugoslav Army border troops by laying anti-tank mines.
- ^ Nikolic, Ivana. "Kosovo Ex-Guerrillas Await Yugoslav Army Ambush Verdict". Balkan Insight.
A Yugoslav Army tank detonated the mine, killing one soldier and wounding four others, and then the KLA fighters opened fire on an army helicopter that arrived to take away the casualties, the charges claim.
- ^ "Kosovo Ex-Guerrillas Await Yugoslav Army Ambush Verdict".
This was followed by a second attack shortly afterwards close to the Kosare border post, when the accused set another ambush and opened fire on a Yugoslav Army vehicle, throwing hand grenades and killing five soldiers and wounding two more, the prosecution alleges.
- ^ "Kosovo Ex-Guerrillas Await Yugoslav Army Ambush Verdict".
The KLA fighters – who attacked from Albanian territory – then robbed the soldiers and targeted another helicopter that came to evacuate the wounded, according to the indictment.
- ^ "Kosovo Ex-Guerrillas Convicted of Yugoslav Army Killings".
"We had uniforms. We were soldiers and we fought against soldiers. They [the Yugoslav Army] killed civilians including elderly people, children and women," Berisha said.
- ^ Collaku, Petrit. "Kosovo PM: KLA Convictions are a Serbian Farce". balkan insight.
Prime Minister Isa Mustafa said that a Serbian court's decision to convict eight former Kosovo Liberation Army fighters of killing Yugoslav Army troops in September 1998 was a farce.
- ^ Çollaku, Petrit. "Kosovo PM: KLA Convictions are a Serbian Farce". Balkan insight.
Mustafa said on Thursday that courts in Serbia have no right to judge Kosovo's citizens and even less to try former KLA fighters who were involved in what he called a liberation war and respected the laws and customs of warfare. "The government of Republic of Kosovo will inform [its] international partners about this tendency and will ask them to put pressure on Serbia to stop such court farces and the pursuing of citizens of the Kosovo Republic under baseless charges [which are] totally outside international judicial standards," Mustafa said during a government meeting. He added that Wednesday's verdict convicting the eight former KLA fighters, which handed down by a court in the Serbian city of Nis, will not have any legal impact because Serbian courts does not have a jurisdiction over Kosovo citizens. "Kosovo is an independent country. For Serbia, the citizens of Republic of Kosovo are foreign citizens," Mustafa said. The higher court in Nis on Wednesday found the former KLA members guilty of acts of terrorism for ambushing and killing Yugoslav Army troops in Kosare in Kosovo in September 1998. The former KLA men – Shiqer Maloku, Xhafer Gashi, Demush Gacaferi, Deme Maloku, Agron Isufi, Anton Cuni, Rabit Alija and Rrustem Berisha – were convicted in absentia and given prison sentences of 15 years each.