Climacia areolaris
| Climacia areolaris | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Neuroptera |
| Family: | Sisyridae |
| Genus: | Climacia |
| Species: | C. areolaris
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| Binomial name | |
| Climacia areolaris (Hagen, 1861)
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Climacia areolaris is a species of spongillafly in the family Sisyridae. It is found in Canada, United States, and Mexico.[1][2][3][4]
Taxonomy and identification[edit]
C. areolaris is a small species of spongillafly, with adults a little over 3mm from head to wingtips,[5] and third instar larvae about 3.7–4.3mm in length, jaws exclusive.[6] Both adults and larvae have been described.[6][4]
Two other species of Climacia are present in the US,[4] which can be distinguished by wing patterns among other features. Both an adult and larval key to the three species exists.[4]
Geographic distribution[edit]
C. areolaris is distributed from its northernmost limit in Quebec and Nova Scotia south through the eastern United States. Its westernmost limit is New Mexico, and it extends south into Florida as well as the Mexican states of Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosí.[4]
Habitat[edit]
Larvae are found in freshwater streams, ponds, and lakes where suitable populations of their host sponges reside.[7][5] Adults are terrestrial and can fly.
Biology[edit]
Life history[edit]
Eggs are laid on objects near or overhanging water. Larvae feed on freshwater sponges,[5] with 6 species of hosts being recorded: Spongilla fragilis, Spongilla lacustris, Meyenia subdivisa, Heteromeyenia ryderi, Trochospongilla horrida, and T. leidyi.[7][8] Larvae have long stylet-like mouthparts in the form of the mandible-maxillary complex like other Neuroptera.[9] These mouthparts are used to pierce the freshwater sponges and feed on them.[5] Third instar larvae exit the water and spin intricate nets over themselves before spinning cocoons,[10] pupating up to 50 feet from shore.[5]
Adult C. areolaris feed on pollen[11] and are attracted to lights.[5][10][12] They are active from March to December.[4]
Parasitism by other species[edit]
C. areolaris is parasitized by the pteromalid wasp Sisyridivora cavigena.[13][14] S. cavigena parasitizes both the pupal stage and last instar larvae in the process of pupation.
Genetics[edit]
The Y chromosome is present in other representatives of Sisyridae but has been evolutionarily lost in males of C. areolaris.[10] The cytology has been described by Hughes-Schrader.[10]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b "Climacia areolaris Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
- ^ "Climacia areolaris". GBIF. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
- ^ "Climacia areolaris species Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
- ^ a b c d e f Bowles, David (2006). "Spongillaflies (Neuroptera: Sisyridae) of North America with a key to the larvae and adults". Zootaxa. 1357 (1): 1–19 – via lacewing.tamu.edu.
- ^ a b c d e f Brown, Harley P. (1952). "The Life History of Climacia areolaris (Hagen), a Neuropterous 'Parasite' of Fresh Water Sponges". American Midland Naturalist. 47 (1): 130–160. doi:10.2307/2421701. ISSN 0003-0031. JSTOR 2421701.
- ^ a b Poirrier, Michael A.; Arceneaux, Yvonne M. (1972). "Studies on Southern Sisyridae (Spongilla-flies) with a Key to the Third-Instar Larvae and Additional Sponge-Host Records". American Midland Naturalist. 88 (2): 455. doi:10.2307/2424370. ISSN 0003-0031. JSTOR 2424370.
- ^ a b Skelton, James; Strand, Mac (2013). "Trophic ecology of a freshwater sponge (Spongilla lacustris) revealed by stable isotope analysis". Hydrobiologia. 709 (1): 227–235. doi:10.1007/s10750-013-1452-6. ISSN 0018-8158. S2CID 833344.
- ^ Poirrier, Michael A. (1969). "Some Fresh-water Sponge Hosts of Louisiana and Texas Spongilla-Flies, with New Locality Records". The American Midland Naturalist. 81 (2): 573–575. doi:10.2307/2423990. ISSN 0003-0031. JSTOR 2423990.
- ^ Pupedis, Raymond J. (1980-01-01). "Generic Differences Among New World Spongilla-Fly Larvae and a Description of the Female of Climacia Striata (Neuroptera: Sisyridae)". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 87 (3–4): 305–314. doi:10.1155/1980/65827. ISSN 0033-2615.
- ^ a b c d Hughes-Schrader, Sally (1975). "Segregational mechanisms of sex chromosomes in Spongilla-flies (Neuroptera: Sisyridae)". Chromosoma. 52 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1007/BF00285784. ISSN 0009-5915. PMID 1175454. S2CID 5884544.
- ^ Pupedis, Raymond J. (1987-11-01). "Foraging Behavior and Food of Adult Spongila-Flies (Neuroptera: Sisyridae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 80 (6): 758–760. doi:10.1093/aesa/80.6.758. ISSN 0013-8746.
- ^ Rothfuss, Alyssa H.; Heilveil, Jeffrey S. (2018). "Distribution of Sisyridae and Freshwater Sponges in the upper-Susquehanna Watershed, Otsego County, New York with a New Locality for Climacia areolaris (Hagen)". The American Midland Naturalist. 180 (2): 298–305. doi:10.1674/0003-0031-180.2.298. ISSN 0003-0031. S2CID 92021314.
- ^ Pupedis, Raymond J. (1978-09-15). "Tube Feeding by Sisyridivora cavigena (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on Climacia areolaris (Neuroptera: Sisyridae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 71 (5): 773–775. doi:10.1093/aesa/71.5.773. ISSN 1938-2901.
- ^ Brown, Harley P. (1951-03-01). "Climacia Areolaris (Hagen) Parasitized by a New Pteromalid (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)1". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 44 (1): 103–110. doi:10.1093/aesa/44.1.103. ISSN 1938-2901.
Further reading[edit]
- Penny, Norman D.; Adans, Phillip A.; Stange, Lionel A. (1997). "Species catalog of the Neuroptera, Megaloptera and Raphidioptera of America north of Mexico". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. Fourth Series. 50: 39–114.
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