Geoffrey Cuming

Geoffrey John Cuming (1917–24 March 1988) was a Church of England clergyman, liturgist, and music historian. After being permanently injured during his British Army service prior to the Battle of Arnhem, Cuming was ordained a priest and wrote several historical texts. He was an editor of the 1952 World's Encyclopedia of Recorded Music, a major discography. On Christian liturgy, Cuming's work included The Durham Book on John Cosin's 17th-century proposed liturgy and A History of Anglican Liturgy. His works on Early Christian liturgies included collaboration with Ronald Jasper and a posthumously published text on the Liturgy of Saint Mark. Cuming was an advisor to the Church of England's committees charged with producing new liturgical texts which produced the Alternative Service series, Alternative Service Book, and Common Worship. He also served as an editorial secretary for the Alcuin Club, vice-principal at St John's College, Durham, and on the faculty of both Ripon College Cuddesdon and the Church Divinity School of the Pacific.

Early life

Geoffrey John Cuming was born in Gilston, Hertfordshire, in 1917. He attended Eton College, followed by Oriel College at the University of Oxford. Cuming would eventually attain three degrees at Oxford. Schoolmate Henry Chadwick described Cuming as "quiet and bookish". However, Cuming demonstrated "enthusiasm" as a musician. A member of the British Army's Non-Combatant Corps during the Second World War, Cuming participated in a parachute drop before the 1944 Battle of Arnhem, resulting in a painful, lifelong back injury. Chadwick suggested that this injury may have contributed to both his reservedness and sympathy for others' suffering. Cuming would be ordained as a priest in the Church of England, serving as a pastor.

Career

Cuming was a curate for four years before being appointed the vice-principal of St John's College at the University of Durham. Later, Cuming was vicar at Billesdon and then Humberstone. This was followed by him working on the faculty of Ripon College Cuddesdon. He spent three consecutive semesters teaching at the Church Divinity School of the Pacific, part of the Graduate Theological Union.

With Francis F. Clough, Cuming edited The World's Encyclopedia of Record Music, which was published in 1952. Their text called "huge" by music historian Harold C. Schonberg, the scope of Clough and Cuming's discography was only preceded by The Gramophone Shop Encyclopaedia of Recorded Music by Robert Donaldson Darrell, which was first published in 1936. Valentine Britten, the librarian of the BBC's Gramophone Library, referred to Clough and Cuming's work in 1956 as the library's "Bible", noting it as "authorative, and enabling one to give immediate, and usually conclusive check, on recordings deleted or extant". The book was criticized by Richard S. Hill in a review of its third supplement (published with E. A. Hughes and Angela Noble in 1957) for its "flamboyantly inaccurate title", saying that it was not an "encyclopedia" but rather a "discography" which only provided coverage of music from the Western world, though Hill added that "once past the title, my unhappiness evaporates, and everything seems worthy of praise".

In 1961, Cuming edited an edition of The Durham Book, an annotated Book of Common Prayer created by John Cosin with William Sancroft that largely failed to influence the revision process which produced the 1662 prayer book. Published by Durham University, the book and Cuming's research were positively reviewed in The Journal of Theological Studies and Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In 1962, Cuming received a DD from the University of Oxford for the work, of which Henry Chadwick said "for the history of the Book of Common Prayer in the seventeenth century no work is more cardinal".

Cuming wrote A History of Anglican Liturgy, first published by Macmillan in 1969. C. W. Dugmore, Colin Buchanan, and other reviewers compared it to Francis Procter's 1855 A History of the Book of Common Prayer and Walter Frere's 1901 revision of Procter (known as "Procter and Frere"). Dugmore praised A History of Anglican Liturgy as "an authoritative and readable account" and as "an admirable supplement" to both "Procter and Frere" and Frank Edward Brightman's The English Rite. Buchanan, reviewing the first edition, criticized some "minutiae" but called it "a model of historical, and often original, scholarship". Buchanan later positively referenced the book's second edition, published in 1982, as a notable historic resource. This second edition featured details on Anglican liturgies through 1980, including the Alternative Service Book that Cuming played a part in producing.

During his final decade, Cuming resumed editing volumes on early Christian liturgies. With Ronald Jasper, Cuming authored Prayers of the Eucharist Early and Reformed, which was published in 1975 and became a textbook in courses on eucharistic history; a new edition edited by Paul F. Bradshaw and Maxwell E. Johnson was released in 2019. A study of the Liturgy of Saint Mark by Cuming was published posthumously in 1990 in the Pontifical Oriental Institute's Orientalia Christiana Analecta series. Believing that there was a gap in liturgical studies regarding Egyptian Christian liturgical practices, Cuming challenged Brightman and Charles Anthony Swainson's conclusion regarding which manuscript was the best representation of Alexandrian liturgical rites. Bryan D. Spinks positively reviewed the book for The Journal of Theological Studies, crediting Kenneth Stevenson with pushing Cuming's text through the editorial process.

Liturgical revision

While Vicar of Humberstone and for his experience as a Book of Common Prayer historian, Cuming served as a member of the Liturgical Commission of the Church of England. In this role, Cuming worked on the Alternative Service series and Modern Liturgical Texts. Cuming was one of five people responsible for editing the Alternative Service Book, the first liturgical text authorized for use alongside the Book of Common Prayer in the Church of England since the first Act of Uniformity. He also served as consultant to the 1981–1986 Liturgical Commission that ultimately led to the publication of Common Worship.

Cuming was influenced in his promotion of liturgical revision by Gregory Dix's Shape of the Liturgy. Cuming expressed that the 1662 prayer book's communion office "obscured and confused" Jesus's actions at the Last Supper, ignored Jesus's resurrection, lacked substantial reference to the Holy Spirit and the Old Testament, and had archaic language. Cuming was also concerned with the adaption of liturgical music to the new rites. He expressed belief that Series Two rites lent themselves to previous musical settings from John Merbecke of the 16th century to Martin Shaw of the 20th century, but found Series Three rites presented musicians a "completely new set of texts". Cuming, "a champion of the new liturgies", was criticized by church music historian Martin Thomas as failing to communicate the basis for the revisions, something "indicative of a wider failure of communication between scholars engaged in revision and the clergy who worked with the new material".

For the October 1966 issue of Theology, Cuming wrote a study in defence of the phrase "we offer this bread and cup" within the eucharistic rite. It was one of four such studies written for that issue, of which three favoured the phrase. The studies were responding to the evangelical Liturgical Commission member Buchanan's criticism of the phrase as too catholic in his pamphlet The New Communion Service–Reasons for Dissent. Cuming's study focussed on 16th- and 17th-century Anglican eucharistic theology to make the case that offering the sacramental elements had long been interpreted in a memorialist fashion. Ultimately, to secure passage in the Liturgical Conference, Jasper proposed the revised form of "with this bread and cup we make the memorial of his saving passion", which was approved by Convocation and published for the Series Two communion office.

The Agnus Dei, a Latin chant that had accompanied the fraction rite (which had been removed in the 1549 prayer book), was removed from the Anglican liturgy in the 1552 prayer book. The prayer reentered Anglican usage in the 19th century and 20th-century Anglican liturgies began reintroducing the fraction rite. Cuming produced a free translation of the Agnus Dei that is in widespread use. His translation was adopted by the International Consultation on English Texts and its successor, the English Language Liturgical Consultation. Cuming's Agnus Dei, which places Jesus's name at the start of each line, appears in the Alternative Service Book and Common Worship as the second, less traditional translation.

Personal life and death

Cuming was married to Ann Rachel Lucas and had two children, a son and daughter, all three of whom survived him. Geoffrey Cuming died during the night of 24 March 1988 in Houston, Texas. A month prior, Cuming had a successful arterial bypass surgery; he had been discussing returning to England with his daughter during the hours preceding his death. Memorial services in both Houston and Oxford were planned, with his ashes to be interned at the latter.

The fellow position of Geoffrey Cuming Fellow in Liturgy was established at the University of Durham. The Identity of Anglican Worship, a collection of 17 essays edited by Stevenson and Spinks, was compiled in his honour. Stevenson and Spinks had met each other at a 1978 event organized by Cuming and Donald Gray. Cuming pressed Stevenson to author Nuptial Blessing on marriage rites, a book that was described by Spinks on Stevenson's death in 2011 as "the only serious monograph on this liturgical topic".

Selected bibliography

Books

As editor

• The World's Encyclopedia of Record Music. London: Sidgwick & Jackson in association with Decca Record Company. 1952. With Francis F. Clough.
• The Durham Book: Being the First Draft of Revision of the Book of Common Prayer in 1661. London: University of Durham Publications. 1961.
• Popular Belief and Practice: Papers Read at the Ninth Summer Meeting and Tenth Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1972. ISBN 0-521-08220-X. LCCN 77-155583. With Derek Baker.
• The Liturgy of St Mark. Orientalia Christiana Analecta. Vol. 234. Rome: Pontifical Oriental Institute. 1990.

As author

• A History of Anglican Liturgy (1st ed.). London: St. Martin's Press, Macmillan Publishers. 1969.
• A History of Anglican Liturgy (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. 1982. ISBN 0-333-30661-9.
• The Godly Order: Text and Studies relating to the Book of Common Prayer. Alcuin Club Collections. Vol. 65. London: Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, Alcuin Club. 1983. ISBN 0-281-04059-1.

Chapters and articles

• "The English Rite: 'We offer this Bread and this Cup': 4". Theology. 69 (556): 447–453. October 1966. doi:10.1177/0040571X6606955604.
• Davies, John Gordon, ed. (1986). "Books, Liturgical: 4. Anglicanism". The New Westminster Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. ISBN 0-664-21270-0.
• Cuming, G. (April 1988). "The Post-Baptismal Prayer in 'Apostolic Tradition': Further Considerations". The Journal of Theological Studies. 39 (1): 117–199. doi:10.1093/jts/39.1.117. JSTOR 23962603.