Moon jar

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Moon jar
Moon jar, Joseon white porcelain (National Treasure No. 309)
Korean name
Hangul
달항아리 / 백자대호
Hanja
Revised Romanizationdal hangari / baekja daeho
McCune–Reischauertal hanari /paekcha taeho

Moon jar is a type of traditional Korean white porcelain which was made during the Joseon dynasty (1392–1910).[1] The Joseon white porcelain was adopted as imperial ware in the fifteenth century. Moon jars first appeared in the late seventeenth century and remained popular until the mid-eighteenth century. However, they were not nicknamed “moon jars” until the 1950s.[2] The name comes from its shape and milky color of the glaze to resemble the coloration of the moon. This type of vessel is completely unique to the Joseon Dynasty and were never produced in China or Japan.[2]

The fact that many moon jars have a bluish or greenish tinge, as is the case with National Treasure No. 1437, is readily apparent.[3] These non-white colors come about owing to the fact that the clay and glaze they were made from are essentially similar but less processed and refined than the clay and glaze utilized during the early Goryeo period (918-1392) to produce deeper colors found in celadon wares.[4] It wasn't until the early eighteenth century that moon jars took on a color that could be called pure white.[5]

Moon jars often consists of two hemispherical halves that are throw separately and then joined in the middle.[6] The slightly uneven natural shape added to its appeal during the Joseon dynasty. Usually jars are made in a stable shape due to their wide bottom and smaller mouth, but moon jar has a wider mouth than the diameter of the bottom, causing instability, making it feel like the jar is floating in air.[7]

It has inspired many artists such as Kim Whanki and Bernard Leach.[8][9][10][11]

Moon jars have been described as being big, sturdy, rich, and proud with a slightly waddling and distorted appearance that is attractive.[12] Because of this slight irregularity, most moon jars assume the shape of a waning moon, rather than a full moon. However, this grants them the “symmetry of asymmetry,” causing them to look different when viewed from various angles.[5]

Recent production and new styles[edit]

Since the 1950's, when production restarted in South Korea, about 150 Korean ceramists have made moon jars.[13] Some critics contend the term moon jar can only be applied to plain white jars with no adornment that are made in a wood-fired kiln.[14] However, the usage of the term is more fluid and a large variety of moon jars have been produced. These fall into the following categories:

Traditional moon jars[edit]

Traditional moon jars are fired within a wood-fired kiln that helps add character to an otherwise plain white vessel. Ceramist Kang Min-soo (b. 1971) calls this the ‘aesthetics of fire.’[15] Examples can be seen at:[1][2]

Modern moon jar by Park Young Sook

Modern moon jars[edit]

Modern ceramic production equipment, and clays that were not available during the Joseon period, have enabled ceramists to make pure white, symmetrical moon jars. Some of these are very large. Shin Sang-ho (b. 1947), the first ceramist to make this style within a gas-fired kiln, imported his kiln to South Korea after he worked in Japan.[16] See photo for one example, additional examples at:[3][4]

Blue and white moon jars[edit]

This style features traditional, cobalt blue, Joseon-period motifs. Blue and white pottery was popular when moon jars were first made.[17] Dragons, and the four gentlemen are common motifs. President Ronald Reagan received a blue and white moon jar that was made by Shin and presented by Korean President Chun Doo-hwan. [18][16] It was painted by a Korean artist named Chang Woosung (b. 1912 d. 2005).[19] Examples can be seen at:[5][6]

Buncheong moon jars[edit]

Buncheong ware was also popular during the Joseon period. This style combines the moon jar shape and this traditional design. Examples can be seen at:[7][8][9][10]

Celadon moon jars[edit]

Double-openwork celadon moon jar with chrysanthemums based upon Goryeo period motif. Kim Se-yong (ceramist)

Celadon ware was popular during Korea's earlier Goryeo period (918-1392).

  • Plain celadon moon jars: The main difference between this style and Joseon period moon jar is how the kiln is operated. The celadon color appears in a reducing kiln[20] held at temperature longer.[21] The blue moon jar made by Master Kim Se-yong (b. 1946), that was exhibited in New York in 2023, was made in a wood-fired kiln.[22] Whereas, most plain celadon moon jars are made in an gas-fired or electric kiln. Examples can be seen at:[11][12][13][14]
  • Sanggam moon jars: This style employs a uniquely Korean style that inlays patterns into Goryeo wares. Traditional motifs include chrysanthemums,[15] and clouds and cranes.[16]. Modern motifs that have a basis in tradition include the 1000 crane moon jar,[17][18], and schools of fish.[19]
  • Double-openwork celadon moon jars: consists of two vessels, an inner vase that provides structural support and an outer vase that is frequently carved with chrysanthemums, cranes, and dragons in the case of Master Yu Geun-Hyeong (b. 1894 d. 1993).[23] Depending on the detail, a single moon jar of this style can take a month to make.[24] Examples can be seen at:[20][21][22][23]

Bottle moon jars[edit]

According to the definition of a jar, there has to be a wide opening at the top. This opening introduces asymmetry into a moon jar. Some ceramists reduce the asymmetry by closing the top of the vessel to form a small opening with a narrow neck. After the top of the vessel has been closed in this manner, a vessel should be called a bottle vase. However, many ceramists are calling this style a moon jar.[25][26] Examples can be seen at: [24][25][26]

Contemporary moon jars featuring non-traditional shapes and motif

Contemporary moon jars[edit]

This style encompasses moon jars with colors and motifs that were not rooted in the Joseon or Goryeo periods. This group encompasses a wide range of moon jars. Examples can be seen at:[27][28][29][30][31]

Additional types of moon jars that fall into this group utilize novel shapes and materials. For example Son Dae-hyeon employs the art of najeonchilgi, the traditional Korean craft of mother of pearl and lacquer. His chrysanthemum and arabesque contemporary moon jar can be seen at:[32] President Joe Biden was presented with a mother of pearl, contemporary moon jar made by artist Jian Ryu,[27] and it can be see at:[33] Ryu's largest mother of pearl moon jar is 111 cm (43.7 in) in diameter. Owing to its size, the substrate isn't clay.[27]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Lee, Soyoung. "In Pursuit of White: Porcelain in the Joseon Dynasty". Heilbrunn Timeline. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  2. ^ a b "Joseon White Porcelain Moon Jars | Curator's Picks". NATIONAL MUSEUM OF KOREA. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  3. ^ "Renewed Exhibition: White Florescence of Joseon Ceramics". issuu. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  4. ^ Lee, Authors: Soyoung. "Joseon Buncheong Ware: Between Celadon and Porcelain | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  5. ^ a b "White porcelain moon jars (article) | Korea". Khan Academy. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  6. ^ "Moon jar | Korea | Joseon dynasty (1392–1910)".
  7. ^ "백자 달항아리". terms.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2021-04-22.
  8. ^ "The Korean Moon Jar". British Museum. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
  9. ^ Seo Dong-shin. "White Moons Rise on Chosun Porcelains". artseoul.net. Archived from the original on 2012-02-17.
  10. ^ 백자달항아리 (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
  11. ^ Noh Hyeong-seok (노형석) (2005-08-17). 묵향속의 우리 문화유산 - (29) 백자 달 항아리 (in Korean). The Hankyoreh. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
  12. ^ Park, Hyun-joo (2014-09-14). ""I dedicate my whole heart to earth and wood fire" 'Moon Jar' artist Kang Min-soo, solo exhibition at Nohwarang [박현주의 아트톡]흙과 장작불에 온 마음을 바쳐요 '달항아리' 작가 강민수, 노화랑서 개인전". 아주경제 (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  13. ^ Do 선임기자, Jae-gi 도재기 (2018-02-23). "Moon jar with full moon (bottom) [도재기의 천년향기](3) 보름달 품은 달항아리(하)". 경향신문 (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  14. ^ "Joseon White Porcelain Moon Jars | Curator's Picks". NATIONAL MUSEUM OF KOREA. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  15. ^ ""I dedicate my whole heart to earth and wood fire" 'Moon Jar' artist Kang Min-soo, solo exhibition at Nohwarang [박현주의 아트톡]흙과 장작불에 온 마음을 바쳐요 '달항아리' 작가 강민수, 노화랑서 개인전". 아주경제 (in Korean). 2014-09-14. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  16. ^ a b Ha, Joo-hee (2022-11-29). "Shin Sang-ho, a master representing Korean ceramics "I lived like a crazy person, loving only pottery."한국 도예를 대표하는 거장 신상호". monthly.chosun.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-04-24.
  17. ^ Lee, Authors: Soyoung. "In Pursuit of White: Porcelain in the Joseon Dynasty, 1392–1910 | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  18. ^ "Gifts to the President" (PDF). Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
  19. ^ "Chang WooSung Korean 1912 - 2005". Mutual Art.
  20. ^ "Celadon, ceramics art techniques - Traditional Japanese art - Gallery Japan". www.galleryjapan.com. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  21. ^ Hae-yeon, Kim (2023-05-01). "[Stories of Artifacts] Beauty meets function: Goryeo celadon". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  22. ^ Ahn, Ji-young (2023-09-01). "<Reporter's Notebook> Super Blue Moon, Blue Purple Moon Jar, Moon Taryeong Again 수퍼블루문, 청자달항아리, 다시 달타령 – hinykorea". Retrieved 2024-04-18.
  23. ^ Koryo Celadon (Korean Ceramics). Retrieved 2024-05-09 – via www.youtube.com.
  24. ^ "A potter who puts his soul into celadon 청자에 혼을 심는 도공". 언론사 뷰. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
  25. ^ "Why Korea's moon jar is so iconic". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  26. ^ "West Hugh - St. Ives Ceramics". st-ives-ceramics.co.uk. 2020-05-21. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  27. ^ a b "바이든 여사 '뷰티풀' 극찬 달항아리 롯데호텔서 볼 수 있다". 서울경제 (in Korean). 2023-04-27. Retrieved 2024-05-10.

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