Anjuvannam
| Type | Merchant guild |
|---|---|
| Purpose |
|
Region | South India (primarily) |
Membership | Non-Indian traders (Jewish, Syrian Christian, Muslim and Zoroastrian Parsi merchants) |
Parent organization | Ainurruvar (in and after the 12th century) |
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Anjuvannam (in Tamil and Malayalam, from Persian anjuman, and hanjama or hanjamana in Telugu or Kannada[1] or hamyamana[2]) typically refers to a medieval merchant guild, consisting of non-Indian traders, primarily active in south India.[3] Along with manigramam and ainurruvar (the Ayyavole Five Hundred), the anjuvannam merchant guild played a major role in the commercial activities of the region.[3]
Unlike manigiramam, which was also operating in Indian hinterland, the presence of anjuvannam is found only in coastal towns.[2] A person in the Anjuvannam community is known as an "anjuvannan".[4]
History[edit]
The guild of anjuvannam was organised by West Asian traders that included Jewish, Syrian Christian, Muslim and Zoroastrian Parsi merchants operating in south India (mostly Indian Ocean trade[2]).[4] Historian Y. Subbarayalu had defined the anjuvannam guild as a "body of West Asian traders".[4][2][5] The merchants generally operated in the trading ports of Konkan, Malabar Coast and Coromandel Coast of south India (and even in South East Asia including Java).[4]
In some ports this guild obtained royal charters, which permitted the special immunities and privileges within those cities. Anjuvannam finds mention in number of south Indian inscriptions, most notably in Quilon Syrian copper plates (c. 849 CE) and in Jewish copper plates of Cochin (c. 1000 CE).[6][1][7] The increased association of the guild with the Jewish traders of Malabar Coast is visible in the latter inscription.[1]
The earliest concrete epigraphical evidence of anjuvannam is the Quilon Syrian copper plates (c. 849 CE). The guild was active on the Kerala coast in the 9th century CE.[2] From the early 10th century, ainurruvar (the Ayyavole Five Hundred) guild spread throughout south India bringing under its umbrella most of the pre-existing guilds. Both anjuvannam and manigiramam were incorporated into the Five Hundred.[2] In and after 12th century, the Five Hundred acted as an umbrella organisation to cover all the other smaller merchant guilds.[3] During the 11th - 13th centuries anjuvannam was mostly composed of Muslim traders on both the west and east coasts of India.[2]
Etymology[edit]
- One explanation traces the origin of the name anjuvannam to the Avestan: hanjumana and Persian anjuman or anǰoman that refers to an organisation or association of people.[7][8]
- The term hanjama or hanjamana is found in Telugu and Kannada records.[1] Hanjamana is the title used in inscription from the Konkan coast.[2]
- According to an earlier explanation, the title Anjuvannam derives from the Hindu varna system as any person not belonging to one of the four varnas was referred to as an anjuvannan.[9][7]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 278, 437 and 451.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Y. Subbarayalu (1 June 2015). "Trade guilds of south India up to the tenth century". Studies in People's History. 2 (1): 21–26. ISSN 2348-4489.
- ^ a b c Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 136.
- ^ a b c d Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay (2009). Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812309372.
- ^ Subbarayalu, Y. (22 December 2011). South India Under the Cholas. OUP India. ISBN 9780198077350.
- ^ Pius., Malekandathil (2010). Maritime India : Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean. Delhi: Primus Books. ISBN 978-9380607016. OCLC 551379069.
- ^ a b c History of People and Their Environs: Essays in Honour of Prof. B.S. Chandrababu. Bharathi Puthakalayam. 2011. ISBN 9789380325910.
- ^ electricpulp.com. "ANJOMAN (Organization) – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
- ^ Logan, William (1887). Malabar Manual. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120604469.