Cristina Farfán
Cristina Farfán | |
|---|---|
| Born | María Cristina Farfán Manzanilla 24 July 1846 |
| Died | 22 August 1880 (aged 34) |
| Nationality | Mexican |
| Other names | Cristina Farfán de García Montero |
| Occupation(s) | educator, writer, feminist |
| Children | 1 |
Cristina Farfán (24 July 1846 – 22 August 1880) was an educator and writer who promoted women's education and was involved in the emergence of the first wave feminist movement in Mexico. She was one of the founders of women's literary journalism in Mexico.
Early life[edit]
María Cristina Farfán Manzanilla was born on 24 July 1846 in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico to Candelaria Manzanilla and José María Farfán.[1][2][3] She was raised in a strict environment and educated at home by the lawyer and teacher, José María Jesús Apolinario García Montero, typically known as José García Montero.[1][4]
Career[edit]
With the help of García Montero, she secured a post as a teacher at the Colegio La Encarnación.[1] On 3 May 1870, along with Gertrudis Tenorio Zavala and Rita Cetina Gutiérrez, Farfán founded La Siempreviva (The Everlasting), an organization which encompassed Mexico's first secular school for girls as well as an art college for young women; a scientific and literary society; and a newspaper, specifically written by and for women.[5][6] Though careful not to present an anti-clerical image, the teachers at the school, which was directed by Cetina, based their curricula in science and rationalism, arguing that women were capable of working and intellectual thought.[7] Farfán, Cetina and Tenorio were the first group to publicly promote educating women in Yucatán.[8]
The journal emphasized feminist writings and exposed many Mexican women to European feminism for the first time,[9] and was published by the Palacio del Gobernador (the gubernatorial palace).[8] Besides editing the magazine, the three friends published poems, dedicated to the improvement of women and their education.[8] Farfán's first published work was La Aurora, a compilation of the works of Cetina, Tenorio and herself, which appeared in 1870. Throughout the period from 1870 to 1872, Farfán's works appeared in the journal La Siempreviva and in 1874, she published a collection of essays and poems, La Primavera.[3]
On 1 July 1877, Farfán married her previous instructor García Montero in Mérida[2] and moved with him to Tabasco. In 1879, she founded and became director and editor-in-chief of the journal El Recreo del Hogar (Recreating the Home) in Tabasco, collaborating with other feminists, such as Dolores Correa Zapata.[10] In 1880, she founded the school, Colegio del Porvenir (College of the Future).[3] Both the journal and the school were based on the scientific themes she had previously implemented in Mérida.[1]
Death and legacy[edit]
Farfán died in childbirth on the morning of 22 August 1880 after traveling by train arriving in San Juan Bautista de la Villa Hermosa, Tabasco, Mexico from Mexico City.[3][11] Her newborn daughter died shortly thereafter.[11] A funeral booklet, by some of the most noted authors of the period was written to commemorate Farfán's contributions as a pioneer educator and literary journalist.[1][12] Three years after her death, the journal El Dominguero bestowed upon her the title of "Misionera de la Civilización" (Missionary of Civilization) to recognize how her literary contributions had changed societal perception and opportunities for women. In 1885, her husband removed her remains from Tabasco and reburied them in his family crypt in her home town of Mérida. The re-interment ceremony was widely attended by dignitaries, friends, and colleagues.[1]
Selected works[edit]
- Farfán, Cristina; Tenorio Zavala, Gertrudis; Cetina Gutiérrez, Rita (1870). Estrada y Zenea, Ildefonso (ed.). La Aurora (PDF) (in Spanish). Mérida, Mexico: "El Iris" de Ildefonso Estrada y Zenea. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 December 2017.
- 1870–1872 various poems in the journal La Siempreviva[3]
- 1874 La Primavera: Poesía y ensayo[3]
- Farfán, Cristina (1893). "Cristina Farfán de García Montero". In Vigil, José María (ed.). Poetisas mexicanas. Siglos XVI, XVII, XVIII y XIX (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: Secr. De Fomento. pp. 217–219. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2016.
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f Cambio Digital 2017.
- ^ a b Mexican Marriage Records 1877.
- ^ a b c d e f Salmones 2017.
- ^ Avelar Mayer 2011, p. 22.
- ^ Sosa Muñiz 2010.
- ^ Peniche Rivero 2007, p. 7.
- ^ Rosado Rosado n.d.
- ^ a b c Infante Vargas 2015, p. 35.
- ^ González Jiménez 2005, p. 35.
- ^ González Jiménez 2005, p. 36.
- ^ a b Corona fúnebre 1880, p. 13-14.
- ^ Corona fúnebre 1880.
Bibliography[edit]
- Avelar Mayer, María de los Ángeles (2011). La siempreviva: voz pionera del sur (1870–1872) [The Everlasting:Pioneer voices of the south (1870–1872)] (Licenciada) (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: National Autonomous University of Mexico. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- González Jiménez, Rosa María (2005). "Dolores Correa Zapata: una profesora feminista del siglo XX" [Dolores Correa Zapata: a feminist teacher of the 20th century]. Perspectivas Docentes (in Spanish). 30. Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico: Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco: 31–51. ISSN 0188-3313. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- Infante Vargas, Lucrecia (2015). Las maestras de México [The Teachers of Mexico] (PDF) (in Spanish). Ciudad de México, México: Secretaría de Educación Pública: Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México. ISBN 978-607-9419-19-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2016.
- Peniche Rivero, Piedad (2007). "Rita Cetina Gutiérrez, la feminista pionera de la educación en Yucatán en contexto teórico" [Rita Cetina Gutiérrez, the pioneering feminist of education in Yucatan in theoretical context] (PDF) (in Spanish). Mérida, Mexico: Archivo General del Estado de Yucatán. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- Rosado Rosado, Georgina (n.d.). "Las maestras de México". Por Esto! (in Spanish). Mérida, Mexico. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
- Salmones, Haydeé (6 August 2017). "Cristina Farfán [Manzanilla]". XIX Decimonónicas (in Spanish). Mexico. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- Sosa Muñiz, Javier (2010). "Rita Cetina Gutierrez". Rita Cetina Gutiérrez (in Spanish). Mérida, Mexico: Escuela Rita Cetina Gutiérrez. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- Corona fúnebre a la memoria de la distinguida poetiza yucateca señora doña Cristina Farfán de García Montero [Funeral crown to the memory of the distinguished poet from Yucatan Mrs. Cristina Farfán de García Montero] (in Spanish). Mérida, Mexico: Espinosa y Compañia. 1880.
- "Efemérides del periodismo mexicano: Cristina Farfán de García y Montero" [Ephemeris of Mexican journalism: Cristina Farfán de García y Montero] (in Spanish). Boca del Río, Veracruz, Mexico: Cambio Digital. 24 July 2017. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- "México matrimonios, 1570–1950: José María Jesús Apolinario García Montero/María Cristina Farfán". FamilySearch (in Spanish). Mérida, Yucatan, Mexico: Archivos Sagrario. 1 July 1877. FHL microfilm #649002. Retrieved 4 December 2017.