Chronotropic incompetence
Chronotropic incompetence (CI) is the inability of heart rate to increase as expected in response to exercise. In healthy people, cardiac output during exercise increases via a rise in both heart rate and stroke volume. When the heart rate does not rise sufficiently, this can lead to exercise intolerance. CI can be detected using a cardiopulmonary exercise test.[1] People with CI have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and early death.[1]
Chronotropic incompetence occurs in various diseases. Roughtly half of people with heart failure experience it, compared to less than 9% of age-matched healthy controls.[2] When it occurs alongside alongside issues with stroke volume, it can leading to a strong decrease in functional ability.[1] It is associated with the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (part of the fight-or-flight response) leading to higher levels of norepinephrine. CI in heart failure can further be related to the use of β-blockers, a high resting heart rate or the downregulation of β-adrenergic receptors.[3]
CI is also observed in people with obstructive sleep apnea.[4] Similarly to CI in heart failure, it is possibly linked to the autonomic nervous system shift towards the sympathetic nervous system.[1][4] People with type-2 diabetes often exerience CI too,[5] as do some people with long COVID.[6] People with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) also experience a blunted heart rate response to exercise.[7] The CI in ME/CFS is most evident on the second day of a repeated exercise test, which induces post-exertional malaise.[8]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d Zweerink A, van der Lingen AC, Handoko ML, van Rossum AC, Allaart CP (August 2018). "Chronotropic Incompetence in Chronic Heart Failure". Circulation. Heart Failure. 11 (8): e004969. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.004969. PMID 30354566.
- ^ Na S, H C, P B, Kk W, H J, J G, Hc P, Mj P (May 2022). "Effects of chronotropic incompetence on exercise capacity in people with heart failure versus age-matched controls". Heart Failure Reviews. 27 (3): 795–809. doi:10.1007/s10741-021-10081-1. PMID 33871758.
- ^ Grosman-Rimon L, Wright E, Sabovich S, Rimon J, Gleitman S, Sudarsky D, Lubovich A, Gabizon I, Lalonde SD, Tsuk S, McDonald MA, Rao V, Gutterman D, Jorde UP, Carasso S, Kachel E (January 2023). "Relationships among norepinephrine levels, exercise capacity, and chronotropic responses in heart failure patients". Heart Failure Reviews. 28 (1): 35–45. doi:10.1007/s10741-022-10232-y. PMID 35325323.
- ^ a b Powell, Tyler A.; Mysliwiec, Vincent; Brock, Matthew S.; Morris, Michael J. (2022). "OSA and cardiorespiratory fitness: a review". Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 18 (1): 279–288. doi:10.5664/jcsm.9628. ISSN 1550-9389. PMC 8807904. PMID 34437054.
- ^ Keytsman C, Dendale P, Hansen D (July 2015). "Chronotropic Incompetence During Exercise in Type 2 Diabetes: Aetiology, Assessment Methodology, Prognostic Impact and Therapy". Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 45 (7): 985–95. doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0328-5. PMID 25834997.
- ^ Durstenfeld MS, Sun K, Tahir P, Peluso MJ, Deeks SG, Aras MA, Grandis DJ, Long CS, Beatty A, Hsue PY (October 2022). "Use of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing to Evaluate Long COVID-19 Symptoms in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Network Open. 5 (10): e2236057. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.36057. PMC 9557896. PMID 36223120.
- ^ Nelson MJ, Bahl JS, Buckley JD, Thomson RL, Davison K (October 2019). "Evidence of altered cardiac autonomic regulation in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Medicine. 98 (43): e17600. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000017600. PMC 6824690. PMID 31651868.
- ^ Davenport TE, Lehnen M, Stevens SR, VanNess JM, Stevens J, Snell CR (2019). "Chronotropic Intolerance: An Overlooked Determinant of Symptoms and Activity Limitation in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome?". Frontiers in Pediatrics. 7: 82. doi:10.3389/fped.2019.00082. PMC 6439478. PMID 30968005.