List of American independent films

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This is a list of notable American independent films (which are also known sometimes as "specialty", "alternative", "indie", and/or "quality")[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] that were made outside of the Hollywood studio system or traditional arthouse/independent filmmaking yet managed to be produced, financed and distributed by the two with varying degrees of success and/or failure.[8]

Background[edit]

The American independent film, prior to the 1980s and first half of the 1990s,[9][10][11] was previously associated with Poverty Row b movies, exploitation films, avant-garde underground cinema (when it was known as the New American Cinema[12]), social and political documentaries, experimental animated shorts (since the mid-1930s featuring works by pioneer animators Mary Ellen Bute and Oskar Fischinger) and social realist dramas.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]

Throughout the middle of the 1990s, the word "Indiewood" (a.k.a. "indie boom" or "indie film movement")[20][21][4] was invented to describe a component of the spectrum of American films in which distinctions exist, it seemed as if Hollywood and the independent sector had become blurred.[22][23][24][25][26][4]

Differences from Hollywood[edit]

The films are often made for far less money than Hollywood films[27][28] (some films like Robert Townsend's 1987 satire Hollywood Shuffle, Richard Linklater's 1991 countercultural piece Slacker and Kevin Smith's 1994 Gen X comedy Clerks were funded by using credit cards[11][29]) and each aspect of the filmmaking process has to undergo less scrutiny by committees. Additionally, within the Indiewood approach the filmmaker can take as long as they need in the post-production phase of their film - whereas in Hollywood they are contracted to finish the film in a specific period of time (usually 10 weeks). In Hollywood, the film then goes on to show in focus group screenings on the studio lot. In Indiewood, the filmmakers can determine the next steps of the film. They also bear striking similarities to as well as were influenced by the "proto-indies" of the 1960s such as Robert Downey Sr's still image film Chafed Elbows (1966), John Cassavetes's Academy Award-nominated Faces and Brian de Palma's Greetings (each from 1968) which in turn were influenced by the culture of the Beat Generation, the polar opposite to the conformist, gray-flannel conformity of 1950s America.[30][16]

Many indie films were made by small companies that were created daily in the 80s and 90s to the point where most of them went bankrupt.[31]

Most Indiewood films are first shown at film festivals with the hopes of further distribution by being picked up (or purchased) by a larger film company or distributor in order to find broader audiences alongside awards consideration[32][33] (e.g. 2009's A Single Man).[34]

Divisions[edit]

Indiewood divisions gain from expert experience of the niche industry by hiring leading independent personalities such as Harvey Weinstein[35] from the Disney fold after the exit of the Weinsteins,[36][37] and James Schamus, former joint head of Good Machine alongside producer Ted Hope, at Focus Features.[38][39]

Other "mini-major" subdivisions/indie distributors[edit]

Sources[edit]

[41][2][42][20][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]

List of selected notable American independent films[edit]

Pre-1950s[edit]

1950s[edit]

1960s[edit]

1970s[edit]

[47][119][81][72][108][82]≈

1980s[edit]

[164][70][112][113][16][47][139]≈

[163][164][14][70][112][113][47]

[112][14][113][139][81][108][64]≈

[158][46][177][80][187][163][164][70][81][138] [112][171][14][188][113][16][47][72][108]≈

1990s[edit]

[6][184][164][70][81][72]

[72][192][111][16][47][81]≈

[6][184][203][164][47][81][204][82]

[177][80][6][184][207][85][81][192]

[203][164][70][112][111][47]≈

[4][202][162][44][6][70][16][47][64]≈

[164][112][47][81][191][192]

[6][207][85][47][191][192]

[114][70][85][47][81][72]

2000s[edit]

[80][70][112][111][47][81][236]

[258][203][164][239][70][111][85][47][81][236]

2010s[edit]

2020s[edit]

List of notable American independent filmmakers[edit]

[47][81][7][72]

[9][113][16][47][139][81][72][138]

[220][46][177][80][184][164][16][81][318]

[163][164][16][47]

[158][46][177][163][164][9][113][139][81]

[163][113][16][81][7][72]

[164][113][128][72]

[72][51][89]

[47][183][72]

[164][154][124][138]

[46][80][187][164][111][113][47][81]

[177][80][184][164][113][16][47][72][318]

[216][80][164][81][124]

[121][47][139][81][72]

[21][151][177][80][187][163][164][218][171][16][47]

[21][241][5][206][184][164][16][47][81]

[113][72]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Oscar nominations see shift away from major Hollywood studios - News - University of Liverpool
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Academy Award nominations 2020: The return of the "quality" Hollywood studio film - News - University of Liverpool
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae The Sundance Kids - Google Books (ch."Section II: Indiewood")
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  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz Indie - Google Books
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  9. ^ a b c d e f 50 Best '80s Movies to Watch Right Now|Time Out
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  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh Rewriting Indie Cinema - Google Books
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  18. ^ a b c d Enchanted Drawings - Google Books (pgs.286-293)
  19. ^ a b c d e f An Archive Restores and Resurrects Hollywood's Earliest Indie Films - Hyperallergic
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  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m How Indiewood gatecrashed the Oscars|Financial Times
  28. ^ a b c d e f How an Unlikely Hollywood Juggernaut Came to Rule Netflix|WIRED
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  31. ^ ‘We can’t afford to lose them’: the fight to bring missing movies back|Movies|The Guardian
  32. ^ a b c In 2023, Golden Age of Documentary Films Seemed Like Distant Memory - IndieWire
  33. ^ What's the Difference Between Indie Film and Indie TV? Mark Duplass Explains|Collider
  34. ^ a b c d e Overcoming the Stigma: The Queer Denial of Indiewood on JSTOR
  35. ^ American Indies, 1980-1989|MoMA
  36. ^ Review: Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood Meets Independent Cinema, by Geoff King|Film Quarterly|University of California Press
  37. ^ Chapter Eight. Maxed Out: Miramax and Indiewood in the New Millennium - De Gruyter
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  41. ^ Somewhere Only We Know on Notebook|MUBI
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  48. ^ New Yorkers Films, an Independent Distributor, Will Close After 44 Years - The New York Times
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Indie Film’s Breakout Year: Good Movies Gain Traction Amid Strikes & Superhero Fatigue - Deadline
  50. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Screening American Independent Film - Google Books
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  52. ^ a b c d e f THIRTY YEARS OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA ON EXHIBITION (1979) on MoMA.org
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  58. ^ a b Watch: How New Hollywood Created the American Indie - No Film School
  59. ^ An Election-Year Campaign Video That’s Kind of Nasty - Macleans.ca
  60. ^ Animated cartoon sponsored by union played role in reelecting Roosevelt - California Labor Federation
  61. ^ "The Unnatural History of Independent Animated Films on 16mm". www.awn.com.
  62. ^ a b An indie film lover's dream: Filmzie is an ode to movie buffs (and it's free) - CQ Australia
  63. ^ Independent Filmmaking in the Studio Era: The Poverty Row Studios (1930–50s)|American Independent Cinema: An Introduction|Edinburgh Scholarship Online
  64. ^ a b c d e URI film professor picks five essential American indie films - Rhody Today
  65. ^ Oskar Fischinger, Motion Painting no. 1, 1947|MoMA
  66. ^ Five - Trailers From Hell
  67. ^ 'Emotion' filmmaker Fuller gets his due - SFGATE
  68. ^ a b c The Criterion Channel's July 2023 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
  69. ^ a b Stanley Kubrick: The Ultimate Guide to the Legendary Filmmaker|Indie Film Hustle
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  71. ^ a b c d e f THE ORIGINAL INDIES: THE BIRTH OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA|Austin Film Society
  72. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Great U.S. Indie Films: 'Texas Chainsaw Massacre' to 'Pulp Fiction' - Rolling Stone
  73. ^ Bride of the Monster - Trailers From Hell
  74. ^ a b c d e f THE REAL INDIES: A CLOSE LOOK AT ORPHAN FILMS|Oscars.org
  75. ^ a b c d e When Indie Animation Won Its First Oscar|Animation Obsessive
  76. ^ a b c d Underrated Horror Movies of the 1950s, Ranked - MovieWeb
  77. ^ The Blob - Trailers From Hell
  78. ^ a b A Film That Live Forever|Animation Obsessive
  79. ^ a b "MoMA | An Auteurist History of Film: Independent Animation, 1947–60". www.moma.org.
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  81. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca The 50 Greatest American Independent Movies|Movies|Empire
  82. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 10 great breakthrough American indies|BFI
  83. ^ "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1959 -". cartoonresearch.com.
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  85. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n More Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
  86. ^ a b Huh?: An A-Z of why Classic American Bad Movies Were Made - Google Books
  87. ^ REEL BROOKLYN: BLAST OF SILENCE, EAST NEW YORK - Brooklyn Magazine
  88. ^ BLAST OF SILENCE - American Cinematheque
  89. ^ a b c BLAST OF SILENCE Blu-Ray Review: A Cult Late Noir Gem Remastered - ScreenAnarchy
  90. ^ a b Review: Curtis Harrington's Night Tide on Kino Lorber Blu-ray - Slant Magazine
  91. ^ Night Tide - Variety
  92. ^ Night Tide - Cinema - Queensland Art Gallery|Gallary of Modern Art
  93. ^ Something Wild - Harvard Film Archive
  94. ^ Tribeca Festival : Review / The Wild One, A Magnificent Documentary Where Life And Craft Resound Social Justice Consciousness- Cinema Daily US
  95. ^ INDIE HORROR MEETS WORLD CINEMA IN THE CULT 'CARNIVAL OF SOULS'|PopMatters
  96. ^ How Obscure Horror Film 'Carnival of Souls' Influenced Everything You've Ever Seen - No Film School
  97. ^ 'Carnival of Souls' Proves the Shocking Allure of Indie Horror - Hollywood in Toto
  98. ^ a b Classic Thrills & Late-Night Chills on Tap for 'Freaky Fridays' at the Film Society - Film at Lincoln Center
  99. ^ Carnival of Souls - Trailers From Hell
  100. ^ a b c d Arch Hall, Jr.: Inside the Wild Guitar - Off Beat Magazine
  101. ^ a b The Lemon Grove Kids Meet the Monsters - DVD Drive-In
  102. ^ FILMS FOR CHILDREN (1972 program) on MoMA.org
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  104. ^ Jim Henson: Before Happytime Murders, Muppet creator told edgy stories - Polygon
  105. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Help! I Love Watching Animated Shorts|Animation World Network
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  107. ^ 50 Years Of Harry Nilsson's The Point - Aquarium Drunkard
  108. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v The 20 Most Timeless Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  109. ^ The Jungle / Several Friends / The Pocketbook / Grey Area|UCLA Film & Television Archive
  110. ^ a b The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Spider Baby")
  111. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Not Hollywood - Google Books
  112. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax 50 Best Indie Films|GameRadar+
  113. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Outsider Features - Google Books
  114. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 10 Indie Movies That Became Pop Culture Hits|Collider
  115. ^ The Last Picture Show - Trailers From Hell
  116. ^ Putney Swope - Trailers From Hell
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  118. ^ Joe - Trailers From Hell
  119. ^ a b The Criterion Channel's June 2022 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
  120. ^ a b c d e f When the Movies Mattered - Google Books
  121. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Best Indie Horror Films From The 1970s - Screen Rant
  122. ^ a b c d e Don Bluth Goes Independent - AWN.com
  123. ^ Carnival of Souls: "Thinkin' Like That, Don't It Give You Nightmares?"|Current|The Criterion Collection
  124. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Contemporary American Independent Film - Google Books
  125. ^ 'Benji' Events|Visit McKinney
  126. ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Altered Reality")
  127. ^ a b To Sleep With Anger - Blueprint: Review
  128. ^ a b c d e Daniel Talbot, Iconic Indie Film Distributor and Exhibitor, Dies|The Wrap
  129. ^ Girlfriends review – a lo-fi indie miracle about love and the city|Movies|The Guardian
  130. ^ a b c d Indie Reframed: Women's Filmmaking and Contemporary American Independent Cinema on JSTOR
  131. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
  132. ^ Chainsaws, Slackers, and Spy Kids - Google Books (pg.49)
  133. ^ MSP Film Society|WonderWomen: The Works of Suzan Pitt
  134. ^ a b c d Mad Eyed Misfits - Google Books
  135. ^ Atlantic City (1981) - filmsite.org
  136. ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Pioneering Women")
  137. ^ a b c How Wayne's World Made—and Broke—It's Director's Career|Vanity Fair
  138. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Greatest Indie Movies of the 1980s - MovieWeb
  139. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad First 80s indie film fest shows movies that paved the way for the indie boom|Movies|The Guardian
  140. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Acting Indie - Google Books
  141. ^ a b America on Film - Google Books (pg.158)
  142. ^ Film Fourm · THE ATOMIC CAFE
  143. ^ "The Atomic Café" – Reflecting on the 40th Anniversary of the Acclaimed Documentary|Under the Radar Magazine
  144. ^ a b c d e f 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
  145. ^ ‘Bloody Bridget’ Exclusive Trailer – Richard Elfman Unleashes His Valentine Vampire! - Bloody Disgusting
  146. ^ Liquid Sky|Quad Cinema
  147. ^ AFI|Catalog - The Secret of NIMH
  148. ^ The Secret of NIMH: 40 Years Of Don Bluth's Magic - Skwigly Animation Magazine
  149. ^ a b c HOW THE SECRET OF NIMH PROVED DON BLUTH COULD BEAT DISNEY - Nerdist
  150. ^ a b c d e The Best Indie Movie of Every Year in the 80s - MovieWeb
  151. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Film Sequels: Theory and Practice from Hollywood to Bollywood - Google Books (ch."Adventures in Indiewood")
  152. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Documentary, Performance and Risk - Google Books (ch.1 "Theorizing Documentary, Performance and Risk"; section: "American documentary and the rise of 'indie' doc")
  153. ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Visions of New York")
  154. ^ a b c d e f g 10 Great 1980s Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Taste of Cinema
  155. ^ a b c February 2023 Programming on the Criterion Channel Announced - CriterionCast.com
  156. ^ a b Hair Piece by Ayoka Chenzira Enters US National Film Registry|Zippy Frames
  157. ^ BAM|Les Blank Program
  158. ^ a b c d e f g h i Commentary: You're Remembering House Party All Wrong|News|BET
  159. ^ a b c The American Roadside in Émigré Literature, Film, and Photography 1955–1985 - Google Books (pg.157)
  160. ^ Here's Hoping Alex Cox's Repo Man Sequel Isn't One Big Circle Jerk|Tor.com
  161. ^ Repo Man|Quad Cinema
  162. ^ a b c d e f g Indie: An American Film Culture on JSTOR
  163. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 3) - Sundance Guiide
  164. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl Sundance - A Festival Virgin's Guide (3rd Edition) - Google Books (pgs.72-81)
  165. ^ a b 12 '80s-Era Indie Films to Swap Out for Your Old School Favorites|IndieWire
  166. ^ FILM LOOKS AT THE '39 WORLD FAIR - The New York Times
  167. ^ 3 Reasons Why: The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985)|Zippy Frames
  168. ^ Undercover Indies: How ‘The Breakfast Club’ Went Small-Scale and Created a Cult Classic - Film Independent
  169. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Viewpoint: Victory for 'indiewood' at the Oscars?
  170. ^ a b "Indie 80s". bam.org. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015.
  171. ^ a b c d The 25 Essential American Indie Films, 1988-2013 - Flavorwire
  172. ^ The 35th Anniversary of "The Brave Little Toaster"|Cartoon Research
  173. ^ THE BRAVE LITTLE TOASTER (1987) (***)|Animation World Network
  174. ^ Retro Sundance: 1988's "Brave Little Toaster" - The Film Experience
  175. ^ a b c d e f g An Accidental Experiment: Dirty Dancing (1987) and the convergence between Hollywood and American Independent Cinema|Goldsmiths, University of London
  176. ^ The Glorious, Good-Natured Mess of Miami Connection|Den of Geek
  177. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s – Taste of Cinema
  178. ^ a b c d Directing Animation - Google Books (ch.4: "Directing Animation for Indie Films)
  179. ^ a b Hairspray (1988) 30th Anniversary|Oscars.org
  180. ^ Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Ko-Ko'|Animation World Network
  181. ^ Extra terror, hold the gore: 8 truly scary PG-13 horror movies|A.V. Club
  182. ^ a b July 2022 Programming on the Criterion Channel Annonuced - CriterionCast.com
  183. ^ a b c d e f g h i 25 Great 90s Movies That Time Forgot|Collider
  184. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 4) - Sundance Guiide
  185. ^ a b c Movie Musings... Indiewood - Impact Magazine
  186. ^ a b c d e The Cinema of Wes Anderson - Bringing Nostalgia to Life - Google Books (Chapter Two - "Wes Anderson: His Position in Cinema and Culture")
  187. ^ a b c d e f g h The 15 Best Miramax Films - Film School Rejects
  188. ^ a b Why the 'King of Underrated Movies' Returned to Hollywood - Esquire
  189. ^ a b Amazon.com: Mad Eyed Misfits: Writings on Indie Animation
  190. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m How the New Queer Cinema Shaped the '90s Indie Film Boom - Yahoo Finance
  191. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l 5 Indie Films From The 90s That Are Way Underrated (& 5 That Are Overrated) - Screen Rant
  192. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q 21 Highly Underrated ‘90s Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  193. ^ Undercover Indies: The Unlikely Origin Story of 1990’s ‘Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles’ - Film Independent
  194. ^ a b 25 Years Later, Charles Burnett and Richard Brooks Reflect on Indie Classic 'To Sleep with Anger'|IndieWire
  195. ^ a b Criterion Collection: To Sleep with Anger | Blu-Ray Review - IONCINEMA.com
  196. ^ a b Queen of Diamonds - Chicago Reader
  197. ^ a b Review: 'Take Shelter' A Naturalistic, Novelistic Portrayal Of Madness & Apocalypse|IndieWire
  198. ^ The Paris Review - Robin Williams's Best Role
  199. ^ ONE FALSE MOVE 4K Review: Hold Your Breath, Never Relax - ScreenAnarchy
  200. ^ Carl Franklin Says ‘One False Move’ Early Screenings Caused ‘Mass Exodus’ - TheWrap
  201. ^ a b c Indiewood and Improvisation|Robert Altman's Soundtracks: Film, Music, and Sound from M*A*S*H to A Prairie Home Companion|Oxford Academic
  202. ^ a b c d Rural Crimewave - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  203. ^ a b c d e f g A Brief History of the Sundance Film Festival - TIME
  204. ^ a b c "The Criterion Channel's March 2024 Lineup". The Criterion Channel. Feb 14, 2024.
  205. ^ a b c d e f Indie Animation King Bill Plympton|Animation Magazine
  206. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m The Cine-Files » Parker Posey: New York Flight
  207. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 5) - Sundance Guiide
  208. ^ Undercover Indies: Why ‘Dumb and Dumber’ is Smarter (and More Indie) Than You Think - Film Independent
  209. ^ For Criterion Consideration: Boaz Yakin's Fresh - CriterionCast.com
  210. ^ a b c d Chris Gore's Ultimate Film Festival Survival Guide, 4th Edition - Google Books (pg.222)
  211. ^ a b c d e f g h Vinyl Noise and Narrative in CD-Era Indiewood - Indy Vinyl
  212. ^ a b c d e f g h i j CNN.com - Independent films move into spotlight - Aug 9, 2005
  213. ^ a b Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'The Red Book'|Animation World Network
  214. ^ a b c d e Declaration Of Independents Independent Animation is Alive and Well in New York by Melissa Chimovitz - AWN.com
  215. ^ a b John Waters|Underground Film Journal
  216. ^ a b c d e f g h The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
  217. ^ Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Altair'|Animation World Network
  218. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s US Independent Film After 1989 - Google Books
  219. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Downtown Film and TV Culture 1975-2001 - Google Books (pg.xvi)
  220. ^ a b Life During Wartime - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  221. ^ a b c d The Criterion Channel’s December 2023 Lineup|The Criterion Collection
  222. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "BFI|Sight & Sound|Boys' Own Stories". Archived from the original on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  223. ^ Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie: The Oral History|A.V. Club
  224. ^ What is indie cinema?|Movies|The Guardian
  225. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Postclassical Hollywood/postmodern subjectivity: representation in some 'Indie/Alternative' Indiewood films
  226. ^ The hilarious connection between The Rolling Stones and 'The Big Lebowski|Far Out Magazine
  227. ^ a b Ranking Paul Thomas Anderson's films from worst to best|Far Out Magazine
  228. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Inside Indiewood|The Nation
  229. ^ a b Indie Filmmaker's Push for 'More'|WIRED
  230. ^ a b c d e Going Mainstream - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  231. ^ John Pierson Interview On American Indies and IFC's 'Split Screen'|IndieWire
  232. ^ a b The sounds of sincerity|2|Hearing post-irony in Indiewood film|Timothy B. Cochran on Taylor & Francis eBooks, Reference Books and Collections
  233. ^ CNN - The Biggest indie film ever made: 'Phantom Menace' - May 31, 1999
  234. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 6) - Sundance Guiide
  235. ^ a b The best films of the '00s|The A.V. Club
  236. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Best American Indies: 'Tangerine', 'Past Lives' and More|IndieWire
  237. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Indiewood - Backstage
  238. ^ Roto-Synchresis: Relationships between Body and Voice in Rotoshop Animation - Database for Animation Studies
  239. ^ a b c d The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  240. ^ a b c d e f The Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  241. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u 'Major minis' blur line between mainstream and independent - Herald Tribune
  242. ^ 'Indie'|Far From Heaven|Edinbourgh Scholarship Online|Oxford Academic
  243. ^ a b 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 4 - Taste of Cinema
  244. ^ a b 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 5 - Taste of Cinema
  245. ^ 15 Reasons To Get Excited About The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Revival - Screen Rant
  246. ^ a b c The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  247. ^ a b c The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  248. ^ a b Away We Go with the Films of Sam Mendes - That Shelf
  249. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p iW BOT | The Golden Child: "Juno" Makes Fox Searchlight the 2007 Market-Share Leader, Lures Young Ad|Indiewire
  250. ^ Review: Silver City - Slant Magazine
  251. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hurray for Indiewood!|Salon.com
  252. ^ a b c d "Pride & Prejudice," "Capote," "Brokeback Mountain" (and more), and Why Audiences Matter|IndieWire
  253. ^ Scenes From Independent Film Week: Incentives, Acting, and Mixing At The IFP Market|IndieWire
  254. ^ Indie box office: "Juno" slammo!|Salon.com
  255. ^ a b Miranda July: The Quiet Power of Her Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  256. ^ Fusion of faith and football fails in 'Giants' - Orlando Sentinel
  257. ^ a b Christian Movies: Why Faith-Based Films Hurt Religion - Thrillist
  258. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 7) - Sundance Film Festival
  259. ^ 10 Great Inde Movies You May Have Missed - Page 3 - Taste of Cinema
  260. ^ a b c d e Former teen idol stars in religious 'Fireproof,' 2008's highest-grossing indie film - Santa Rosa Press Democrat
  261. ^ Doc Soup: The Sundance Cycle|Doc Soup|POV Blog|PBS
  262. ^ Beyond the Multiplex|Salon.com
  263. ^ a b c d 9 Essential Animated Indie Movies|IndieWire
  264. ^ Sita Sings the blues|Zippy Frames
  265. ^ a b c d e f On the Borders: Children's Horror and Indiewood Animation|Contemporary Hollywood Animation: Style, Storytelling, Culture and Ideology Since the 1990s|Oxford Academic (Pages 144–177)
  266. ^ Undercover Indies: Kathryn Bigelow’s ‘The Hurt Locker’ Blows Up Awards-Season Expectations - Film Independent
  267. ^ It's Hollywood vs. Indiewood at Sundance 2010|The Star
  268. ^ a b c d e f Will whites see a black indie film like "Middle of Nowhere"?|Salon.com
  269. ^ 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Taste of Cinema
  270. ^ a b Father Figurine: Mike Mills's "Beginners"|IndieWire
  271. ^ a b Simon Says: The Marketing of a Mass-Released LGBTQ Film - Playback
  272. ^ Indie Focus: 'The Color Wheel' finally rolls into theaters - Los Angeles Times
  273. ^ a b Focus Features Sets Indie 'Pariah' for Christmas Day Limited Release|FirstShowing.net
  274. ^ Pariah Wins Acceptance In Indie Film World - Wall Street Journal
  275. ^ The Indie Film Corner: 'Take Shelter' - The Island News
  276. ^ a b Top 50 Most-Viewed Indie Animated Shorts On Youtube|Cartoon Brew
  277. ^ Fresh Guacamole by PES: The shortest film ever nominated for an Oscar|Zippy Frames
  278. ^ It's Such a Beautiful Day review: Mind your head|Zippy Frames
  279. ^ 5 Reasons to Check Out the Indie Film 'Middle of Nowhere' - Essence
  280. ^ 'Middle of Nowhere' review: Quiet indie drama offers a look at a woman in limbo|Movies/TV|nola.com
  281. ^ a b c d History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 8) - Sundance Film Festival
  282. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag The best A24 films to date|EW.com
  283. ^ 'Listen Up Philip' movie review: Uneven dramatic comedy gives Jason Schwartzman a role to sink his teeth into|Movies/TV|nola.com
  284. ^ LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION! PRODUCTION: BIOGRAPHIES|Oscars.org
  285. ^ a b Why Tangerine is the best Christmas movie that's not really about Christmas|EW.com
  286. ^ a b The best indie animation of 2015|Sight & Sound|BFI
  287. ^ a b BUFS Behind-the-Scenes – Brock University (Communication, Popular Culture and Film)
  288. ^ a b c d e 'I, Tonya', Other Awards Contenders Keep Indie Box Office Alive Against 'Star Wars'|The Wrap
  289. ^ a b Indie Focus: Outsiders abound in 'The Shape of Water', 'I, Tonya', 'Foxtrot' and 'Bombshell' - Los Angeles Times
  290. ^ a b c Stumbling Out of the Gate - Critic's Notebook
  291. ^ a b The Rider: Exclusive trailer for new western hailed best indie of the year|The Independent
  292. ^ 'Hair Love' Short Will Get North American Release In Front of 'Angry Birds 2'|Cartoon Brew
  293. ^ Indie Focus: A ballad of love and divorce in Marriage Story - Los Angeles Times
  294. ^ Cryptozoo is animated chaos for the indie-film crowd - The Globe and Mail
  295. ^ Indie Film: Fantastical creatures populate the what-if world of 'Cryptozoo' - Portland Press Herald
  296. ^ 'Cryptozoo' Film Review: My Cryptid and Other Animals|Zippy Frames
  297. ^ Over the Borderline - Critic's Notebook
  298. ^ a b c Indie Focus: On the road with Frances McDormand in ‘Nomadland’ - Los Angeles Times
  299. ^ a b Sundance 2021: Coda, One For The Road, and Censor|AV Club
  300. ^ How real-world magic graces the making of Clifton Collins Jr.’s ‘Jockey’ - Los Angeles Times
  301. ^ Indie Film Series: Summer of Soul - Sun Journal Events
  302. ^ Indie Prof: "The Rescue" and "Summer of Soul"|Front Porch
  303. ^ 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Crosses $20M, Reignites Indie Cinema. - Deadline
  304. ^ a b A24's 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Hits Box Office Milestone - Variety
  305. ^ a b Indie Film Crush, Ahead Of 'Avatar' & Year End, Puts Arthouse Woes On Back Burner – Specialty Preview - Deadline
  306. ^ a b c d e Indie Cinema Is Now Genre Cinema|Defactor
  307. ^ Sara Dosa on 'Fire Of Love': "This forced me to work and think in a completely different way"|Features|Screen Daily
  308. ^ A24 Has Another Indie Hit, As 'Marcel The Shell' Slides Into Top 10 – Specialty Box Office - Deadline
  309. ^ 'Marcel the Shell With Shoes On' Director Explains What It Took to Pull Off One of the Year's Most Charming Movies|The Wrap
  310. ^ Guillermo del Toro's 'Pinocchio' and 'Turning Red' Lead the Nominations for the 50th Annie Awards 2023 - Hollywood Insider
  311. ^ A brief, and somewhat shocking, history of adult animation|The A.V. Club
  312. ^ Know Your Indie Filmmaker: Sara Gunnarsdóttir|Cartoon Brew
  313. ^ A Look at ‘My Year of Dicks’|Animation World Network
  314. ^ a b c The Whale Crosses $10 Million at Box Office, Brendan Fraser Hit - Variety
  315. ^ "You Can't Really Plan for Getting an Oscar": A Chat with Hubbel Palmer - SLUG Magazine
  316. ^ 2023 in Film: Barbie triumphs, Marvel loses steam | The Excerpt - USA Today on YouTube
  317. ^ "War is Over": Animated Short Short Creates Timely Message of Humanity - IndieWire
  318. ^ a b c d e Our Film Critic on Why He's Done Wit the Movies - The New York Times
  319. ^ a b 12. Not Just Indie: A Look at Films by Dee Rees, Ava Duvernay and Kasi Lemmons - DegRuyter
  320. ^ Independent Film’s Sorry Quarter Century?|Filmmaker Magazine
  321. ^ Tyler Perry: creator of a racial stereotype or the greatest indie film-maker ever?|Comedy films|The Guardian
  322. ^ a b Chaos Below Canal|Independent Magazine
  323. ^ a b DGA Quarterly Magazine|Fall 2011|Women Directors and Their Films
  324. ^ MUBI Special: Silver Linings: Films by Joan Micklin Silver|MUBI
  325. ^ 8-Minute Video Boils Down the Essence of Animation Legend Ralph Bakshi - VICE
  326. ^ A celebration of Will Vinton|Just Make Animation
  327. ^ Will Vinton, Oscar winner and pioneering Portland animator, dies at 70 - oregonlive.com
  328. ^ a b c Second Edition of the Skwigly book ‘Independent Animation’ out now - Skwigly Animation Magazine
  329. ^ ICONS OF ANIMATION - THE ART OF ILLUSTRATION|Oscars.org
  330. ^ Indie Animation - WSJ
  331. ^ a b Animation Outlaws: Spike & Mike Turned Indie Shorts Into a Phenomenom|IndieWire
  332. ^ Keep it in Motion: Classic Animation Revisited – George Griffin’s 'Head'|Animation World Network
  333. ^ The Academy To Present ‘Women in Indie Animation’ September 21|Animation World Network
  334. ^ Films by Fred Mogubgub|Cartoon Brew
  335. ^ Biography: Mary Ellen Bute - Filmmaker - The Heroine Collective
  336. ^ CVM - Bute - Starr - Ideas on Film - Center for Visual Music
  337. ^ Post-Classical Hollywood: Film Industry, Style and Ideology Since 1945 - Google Books (pg.237)
  338. ^ Alex Ross Perry: 'Avengers: Endgame' Deserves Oscar for Best Picture|IndieWire
  339. ^ 'Midnight Special,' 'Fantastic Planet' and more home theater releases out this week - Los Angeles Times
  340. ^ House of Bamboo - Trailers From Hell
  341. ^ Calling all Samuel Fuller fans: You need a copy of “Forty Guns”|High-Def Watch
  342. ^ a b c Wes Anderson, tone and the quirky sensibility: New Review of Film and Television Studies Volume 10, 2012 - Issue 1: Wes Anderson and Co.
  343. ^ Sofia Coppola: A Cinema of Girlhood - Offscreen
  344. ^ Sofia Coppola Wins Best Director at 2017 Cannes|Hypebae
  345. ^ The Fiercely Independent Films Of The 80s Get A Massive Cinefamily Showcase|LAist
  346. ^ Kevin Smith claims Harvey Weinstein is keeping Dogma 'hostage' – Film Stories
  347. ^ Indie Cinema and the Neoliberal Commodification of Creative Labor - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  348. ^ 'Juno' Laid Low by Success - The New York Times

Bibliography[edit]

Notes[edit]

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External links[edit]

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