Euura proxima
| Euura proxima | |
|---|---|
| |
| Euura proxima | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Suborder: | Symphyta |
| Family: | Tenthredinidae |
| Genus: | Euura |
| Species: | E. proxima
|
| Binomial name | |
| Euura proxima (Serville, 1823)
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Pontania proxima (Lepeletier, 1823), Nematus proximus Serville, 1823 | |
Euura proxima is a species of sawfly belonging to the family Tenthredinidae (common sawflies). The larvae feed on the leaves of willows (Salix species), creating galls. It was described by Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville in 1823. The species was placed in the genus Euura in 2014 [1] and was previously known as Nematus proximus and Pontania proxima.
Description of the gall[edit]
The gall is an ovoid, bean-shaped gall, up to 12 mm x 6 mm in size, with a hard thick red wall when occupied. The gall is formed when the female lays her eggs and injects a substance into the leaf. At first the galls are green and the walls soften as the larva consumes the tissue. Some galls may not be occupied, possibly because an egg was not laid or it did not hatch.[2] There can be several galls to a leaf and they do not usually touch the midrib. Galls of E. proxima are found on white willow (S. alba), weeping willow (S. babylonica), S. x blanda, S. excelsa, crack willow (S. fragilis) and bay willow (S. pentandra).[3] There are two broods in a year with the first brood maturing around mid-summer and the second in the autumn.[2]
E. proxima is one of three closely related species in the Euura proxima group. The other members of the group are,
- E. bridgmanii (Cameron, 1883)
- E. triandrae (Benson, 1941)[4]
Inquilines[edit]
The following species are inquilines of E. proxima,
- Archarius salicivorus (Paykull, 1792) — the Archarius are weevils of the family Curculionidae. The female weevil lays an egg in the galls of Euura species, which eventually kills the original larva (but is not eaten). The weevil larva can be distinguished from the Euura larva by the lack of feet and lies in the shape of a horse-shoe. Pupation takes place in the ground and the autumn generation hibernates as an adult.[5]
- A. crux (Fabricius, 1776) — There are two generations a year and the female weevil lays an egg in the galls of Euura species, and possibly this species. The larva will eat the original egg or the larva of the galling species. Pupation is in the ground and the autumn generation weevil hibernates through the winter.[6]
- Euphranta toxoneura (Loew, 1846) — the Euphranta are fruit flies of the family Tephritidae. The larva of E. toxoneura feed in this gall and that of Euura bridgmanii, first killing the host larva, which is evicted. The inquiline larva when fully grown leaves the gall and pupates in the soil.[7]
Distribution[edit]
This species is found throughout Europe, north to southern Finland and east to the Caucasus. It has been introduced to Australia, North America and New Zealand.[4]
References[edit]
- ^ Prous, Marko; Blank, Stephan M.; Goulet, Henri; Heibo, Erik; Liston, Andrew; Malm, Tobias; Nyman, Tommi; Schmidt, Stefan; Smith, David; Vårdal, Hege; Viitasaari, Matti; Vikberg, Veli; Taeger, Andreas (2014). "The genera of Nematinae (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)". Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 40: 1–69. doi:10.3897/JHR.40.7442.
- ^ a b Chinery, Michael (2011). Britain's Plant Galls. Old Basing, Hampshire: WildGuides Ltd. p. 65. ISBN 978-190365743-0.
- ^ Redfern, Margaret; Shirley, Peter; Boxham, Michael (2011). British Plant Galls (Second ed.). Shrewsbury: Field Study Council. pp. 282–299. ISBN 978-185153-284-1.
- ^ a b Liston, Andrew D; Heibo, Erik; Prous, Marko; Vardal, Hege; Nyman, Tommi; Vikberg, Veli (2017). "North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae)". Zootaxa. 4302 (1): 83–85. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ^ Ellis, W N. "Archarius salicivorus (Paykull, 1792)". Plant Parasites of Europe. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ Ellis, W N. "Archarius crux (Fabricius, 1776)". Plant Parasites of Europe. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ Ellis, W N. "Euphranta toxoneura (Loew, 1846)". Plant Parasites of Europe. Retrieved 9 June 2022.