Crable Site
 Map indicating Fulton County, Illinois | |
| Location | Fulton County, Illinois |
|---|---|
| Area | 100 acres (40 ha) |
| History | |
| Founded | c. 900 AD |
| Abandoned | c. 1450 AD |
| Periods | Mississippian |
| Cultures | Southeastern Ceremonial Complex |
| Site notes | |
| Discovered | 1879 |
| Excavation dates | 1930s, 1950s |
| Archaeologists |
|
| Ownership | Private |
| Public access | Access restricted |
The Crable Site is an archaeological site located in Fulton County, Illinois, near the Illinois River and Anderson Lake.[1]
Geographical setting[edit]
The site is located on the Norman Crable farm in the southeast corner of Fulton County, Illinois.[1][2] It is situated on a series of bluffs and ridges a few hundred feet from a spring, which most likely provided an abundant drinking water source for the people of the Crable Site.[3][4] Dozens of mounds contribute to the “mound field,” the largest of these being about 12 feet high and 60 feet in diameter.[5] The site has an area of about 100 acres with most of the artifacts found in an area less than 25 acres, located near the mound field.[5]
Culture[edit]
Indigenous peoples occupied the site during the Middle Mississippian period, about 900-1450 AD, with the earliest shells dating to about 800 AD and charcoal fragments dating to about 1420 AD.[1] The Crable Site can be referred to as a "Southern Cult" site because it was occupied during the Mississippian period and is characterized by artifacts and iconography that followed the adoption of maize as a main food source and chiefdom social stratification.[5][2]
The Crable site also demonstrates some cross-cultural blending between the Spoon River (Middle Mississippi) and Oneota (Upper Mississippi) traits.[6][7][2] There is also evidence of an earlier Hopewellian occupancy.[8][4]
Excavations and artifacts[edit]
The site has been observed and excavated multiple times, with the earliest known publication of the site's existence written in 1879.[5] Edgar McDonald and his father Charles excavated the site in the early 1930s, followed by the University of Chicago, and Dan Morse, who excavated and researched the site in the 1950s.[5][9][10][4]
Four cemeteries have been discovered at this site, the largest estimated to have over 200 bodies.[3] Most of the graves feature extended burial, in which the body lies flat in an extended position, and some also feature double burial, in which two bodies are buried at the same grave site.[5] A large proportion of children buried at these cemeteries indicates a high infant mortality rate.[3] The burial sites are heterogeneous, meaning that there was no clear pattern or uniformity in the orientation the bodies were buried or what they were buried with.[5]
Some bodies were buried with copper beads and ornaments, others with engraved shell pendants, both of which are characteristic of Southern Cult societies from this period.[3][6] The shells found in this area are clam shells and turtle shells, most likely coming from the nearby lake and river.
By digging a trench into the center of the largest mound, McDonald found refuse pits that contained effigy appendages, bone hair ornaments, engraved vessels and bottles, fire basin fragments, and antler bones.[5] There were also two hut structures and altars found within the mound, and this combined with the placement of the burial sites surrounding the mound indicates that it was a temple mound.[5]
Flint tools were also very common in this area. Flint tools were spears and knives that sometimes had notches and fluted points.[5][8] A mace found at Crable was made of Kaolin flint from southern Illinois quarries, similar to relics found at Cahokia, Spiro, Crenshaw, and other Caddo mounds.[11]
Pottery and potsherds are common in this area. The engravings of square crosses and suns on the fragments of pottery are very similar to designs across the broader Mississippian region. Plate fragments with sun symbols, also known as a Crable Deep Plate or O'Byam Incised, were carbon dated to the Sand Prairie phase and are considered rare.[12][7][2] Although effigy pottery is not common in Illinois, the Crable Site along with Dickson Mounds produced several effigy vessel artifacts.[13][2] There are also other types of pottery found at the Crable Site.[2][14][15]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Morse, Dan F. (1960). "The Southern Cult The Crable Site, Fulton County, Illinois". Central States Archaeological Journal. 7 (4). Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc.: 124–135. ISSN 0008-9559. JSTOR 43143362.
- ^ a b c d e f Fraser, Ray (2001). "Crable Phase Pottery". Central States Archaeological Journal. 48 (1): 28–30. ISSN 0008-9559. JSTOR 43142022.
- ^ a b c d Griffin, James B. (1958). "Radiocarbon Dates for Crable Site". Central States Archaeological Journal. 5 (1): 19. ISSN 0008-9559. JSTOR 43136226.
- ^ a b c Morse, Dan (1951). "You Still Can Find More of Them!". Journal of the Illinois State Archaeological Society. 1 (3): 85–96. ISSN 2469-2824. JSTOR 43594254.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j McDonald, S. E. (1950). "The Crable Site, Fulton County, Illinois". Journal of the Illinois State Archaeological Society. 7 (4): 16–18. ISSN 2469-2824. JSTOR 43763136.
- ^ a b Wray, Donald E.; Smith, Hale (1944). "An Hypothesis for the Identification of the Illinois Confederacy with the Middle Mississippi Culture in Illinois". American Antiquity. 10 (1): 23–27. doi:10.2307/275179. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 275179. S2CID 155121299.
- ^ a b Ferdon, Edwin N. (1953). "Review of The Archaeology of the Santa Elena Peninsula in South-West Ecuador". American Antiquity. 19 (1): 98–99. doi:10.2307/276431. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 276431. S2CID 164576926.
- ^ a b Fowler, Melvin L. (1954). "Some Fluted Projectile Points from Illinois". American Antiquity. 20 (2): 170–171. doi:10.2307/277571. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 277571. S2CID 163836413.
- ^ Morse, Dan (1949). "You Can Still Find Them". Journal of the Illinois State Archaeological Society. 7 (1): 1–15. ISSN 2469-2824. JSTOR 43763042.
- ^ "THE CHARLES McDONALD COLLECTION—THE RESULT OF LIFETIME STUDY". Journal of the Illinois State Archaeological Society. 6 (2): 12. 1948. ISSN 2469-2824. JSTOR 43762929.
- ^ Perino, Gregory (1964). "The Grove Spud". Central States Archaeological Journal. 11 (1): 4–6. ISSN 0008-9559. JSTOR 43137676.
- ^ Perdun, Gregory L. (1988). "Wells Incised Plate". Central States Archaeological Journal. 35 (4): 226–229. ISSN 0008-9559. JSTOR 43143684.
- ^ Fraser, Ray (2000). "A Bird Effigy Bowl from the Collection of William S. Strode, a 19th Century Collector from Fulton County, Illinois". Central States Archaeological Journal. 47 (2): 98. ISSN 0008-9559. JSTOR 43141945.
- ^ "[Illustrations]". Central States Archaeological Journal. 31 (3): 129–148. 1984. ISSN 0008-9559. JSTOR 43138992.
- ^ Fraser, Ray (2013). "Some Middle Mississippian Artifacts from Cass County, Illinois". Central States Archaeological Journal. 60 (2): 88–90. ISSN 0008-9559. JSTOR 43143156.