List of the first women holders of political offices in South America
 |
This is a list of political offices which have been held by a woman, with details of the first woman holder of each office. It is ordered by the countries in South America and by dates of appointment. Please observe that this list is meant to contain only the first woman to hold of a political office, and not all the female holders of that office.
| Part of a series on |
| Women in society |
|---|
.svg) |
Argentina[edit]
- President of a Major Political Party – Eva Perón – 1947[1]
- First women in Congress – Twenty-two peronist women – 1951[2]
- Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies – Delia Parodi – 1953[3]
- Minister of the Supreme Court – Margarita Argúas – 1970[4]
- Vice President of Argentina – Isabel Perón – 1973[5]
- President of the Argentine Senate – Isabel Perón – 1973[5]
- President of Argentina – Isabel Perón – 1974[6]
- Foreign Minister (also first female Cabinet Minister) – Susana Ruiz Cerutti – 1989[7]
- Provincial governor – Alicia Lemme – 2001 (of San Luis Province)[8]
- Defense Minister – Nilda Garré – 2005[9]
- Economy Minister – Felisa Miceli – 2005[10]
- Elected President of Argentina – Cristina Fernández de Kirchner – December 10, 2007[11]
- Elected provincial governor – Fabiana Ríos – December 10, 2007 (of Tierra del Fuego Province)[12]
Bolivia[edit]
- Minister of Labour and Health – Alcira Espinoza Schmidt de Villegas – 1969[13]
- President (acting) – Lidia Gueiler Tejada – 1979[14]
- Minister of Justice - Ana Maria Cortez de Soriano - 1997[15][16]
- Interior minister – Alicia Muñoz Alá – 2006[17]
- Minister of Planning and Environment – Gloria McPhee[18]
- Defense Minister - María Cecilia Chacón - 2011[19]
Brazil[edit]
- 1871: Senator – Isabel, Princess Imperial[20]
Republic of the United States of Brazil:
- 1927: Elected Mayor (Lages) – Alzira Soriano[21][22][23][24]
- 1933: Federal Deputy – Carlota Pereira de Queirós[22][24][25]
- 1958: Elected Mayor (Quixeramobim) – Aldamira Guedes Fernandes[23]
- 1962: Secretary of Social Service – Sandra Martins Cavalcanti de Albuquerque[26]
National level[edit]
- 1979: Senator of the Republic (Amazonas) – Eunice Michilles[22][24][27]
- 1982: Cabinet minister - Minister of Education – Esther Figueiredo Ferraz[24][28]
- 1986: State Governor (Acre) – Iolanda Fleming[29]
- 1990: Elected Senators – Júnia Marise (Minas Gerais) and Marluce Pinto (Roraima)[24]
- 1995: Elected Governor (Maranhão) – Roseana Sarney[22]
- 2011: President – Dilma Rousseff[30]
Individual ministries[edit]
- 1989: Minister of Labour – Dorothea Werneck[31]
- 1990: Minister of Economy – Zélia Cardoso de Melo[22][32]
- 1993: Minister of Planning – Yeda Crusius[31]
- 1993: Minister of Transportation – Margarida Coimbra do Nascimento[31]
- 1995: Minister of Industry, Commerce and Tourism – Dorothea Werneck[31]
- 2002: Minister of National Integration – Mary Dayse Kynzo[33]
- 2003: Minister of Natural Environment – Marina Silva[31]
- 2003: Secretary for Women's Rights – Emília Fernandes[31]
- 2003: Secretary for Promotion of Racial Equality – Matilde Ribeiro[31]
- 2003: Minister of Energy – Dilma Rousseff[34]
- 2005: Chief of Staff – Dilma Rousseff[34]
- 2007: Minister of Tourism – Marta Suplicy[35]
- 2010: Minister of Social Development and Hunger Alleviation – Márcia Lopes[36]
- 2011: Minister of Culture – Ana de Hollanda[37]
- 2011: Minister of Fishing and Aquaculture – Ideli Salvatti[38]
- 2011: Secretary for Human Rights – Maria do Rosário[39]
- 2011: Secretary for Social Communication – Helena Chagas[40]
Chile[edit]
- Mayor – Alicia Cañas – 1935[41]
- Mayor of Providencia – Alicia Cañas – 1935[41]
- Mayor of Santiago – Graciela Contreras – January 6, 1939[42]
- Mayor of Pichilemu – Olga Maturana Espinosa – 1952[43]
- Mayor of Concepción – Ester Roa – 1958[44]
- Mayor of Las Condes – Silvia Boza – 1968[45]
- Governor – Olga Boettcher – March 12, 1941[46]
- Governor of La Unión Department – Olga Boettcher – March 12, 1941[46]
- Governor of Tamarugal Province – Gabriela Hip – October 8, 2007[47]
- Intendant – Inés Enríquez – 1950[41]
- Intendant of Concepción – Inés Enríquez – 1950[41]
- Intendant of the Santiago Metropolitan Region – Ximena Rincón – January 25, 2005[48]
- Congresswoman – Inés Enríquez – 1951[41]
- Minister – Adriana Olguín de Baltra – 1952[41]
- Minister of Justice – Adriana Olguín de Baltra – 1952[41][49]
- Minister of Education – María Teresa del Canto – 1952
- Minister of Labour and Social Welfare – Mireya Baltra – 1972-1973[50]
- Minister of National Resources (Ministra de Bienes Nacionales) – Adriana Delpiano – March 11, 1994[51]
- Minister of Foreign Relations – Soledad Alvear – March 11, 2000[52]
- Minister of Health – Michelle Bachelet – March 11, 2000[53]
- Minister of Planning and Cooperation (MIDEPLAN) – Alejandra Krauss – January 7, 2002[54]
- Minister of Defense – Michelle Bachelet – March 11, 2002[55]
- Minister of Housing, Urban Development and National Goods – Sonia Tschorne – September 29, 2004[56]
- Minister Secretary-General of the Presidency – Paulina Veloso – March 11, 2006[57]
- Minister of Economy, Development and Reconstruction – Ingrid Antonijevic – March 11, 2006[58]
- Minister of Mining and Energy – Karen Poniachik – March 11, 2006[59]
- Minister President of the National Council of Culture and the Arts – Paulina Urrutia – March 11, 2006[60]
- Minister General Secretary of Government – Carolina Tohá – March 11, 2009[61]
- Ministry of Public Works – Loreto Silva – 2012[62]
- Minister of Transport and Telecommunications – Paola Tapia – March 14, 2017[63]
- Senator – María de la Cruz – February 13, 1953[41]
- Senator (Santiago) – María de la Cruz – February 13, 1953[41]
- Minister[a] of the Supreme Court Justice – María Antonia Morales – November 5, 2001[64]
- President of the Christian Democrat Party (PDC) - Soledad Alvear - 2006[65]
- President of the Chamber of Deputies – Adriana Muñoz – March 11, 2002[66]
- President of Chile – Michelle Bachelet – March 11, 2006[67]
- President of the Senate – Isabel Allende – March 11, 2014[68]
Colombia[edit]
- Secretary of Social Assistance of the Presidency – María Eugenia Rojas Correa de Moreno-Díaz – 1954[69]
- Governor of Cauca (first governor, nominated by President) – Josefina Valencia de Hubach – 1955[70]
- Minister of Education (first cabinet post) – Josefina Valencia de Hubach – 1956[71]
- Senator – Esmeralda Arboleda – 1958[72][73][74]
- Presidential candidate – María Eugenia Rojas – 1974[70]
- Minister of Justice - Mónica de Greiff - 1989[75]
- Minister of Foreign Affairs – Noemí Sanín – 1991[76]
- Governor of Quindío (first governor elected) – Belén Sánchez – 1992[77]
- Minister with presidential functions (acting President) – María Emma Mejía – 1998[78]
- President of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia – Nancy Patricia Gutiérrez – 1999[79]
- Minister of Defense – Marta Lucía Ramírez de Rincón – August 2002[80]
- President of the Senate of Colombia – Claudia Blum de Barbieri – July 2005[81]
- General (National Police) - Luz Marina Bustos - 2009[82]
Ecuador[edit]
- Minister of Interior – Nela Martínez – 1944[83]
- Minister of Social Affairs – Margarita Cedeños de Armijos – 1979[83]
- President (acting) – Rosalía Arteaga – 1997[84]
- Foreign minister – Nina Pacari Vega – 2003[85]
- Defence minister – Guadalupe Larriva González – 2007[86]
- Minister of Justice - Ledy Zúñiga Rocha - 2014[87][88]
Falkland Islands[edit]
- Elected Member of the Legislative Council (for East Falkland)– Marjorie Vinson – 1964[89]
- Governor – Alison Blake – 2022[90]
Guyana[edit]
- Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Guyana – Janet Jagan – 1953[91]
- President – Janet Jagan – 1997[92]
- Prime Minister – Janet Jagan – 1997[92]
- Minister of Foreign Affairs – Carolyn Rodrigues – 2008[93]
Paraguay[edit]
- Member of the Supreme Court – Serafina Dávalos – 1908[94]
- Minister of Health and Social Affairs – Maria Cynthia Prieto Conti de Alegre – 1989[95]
- Minister of Foreign Affairs – Leila Rachid de Cowles – 2003[96]
- Minister of Public Health and Social Welfare – Esperanza Martínez (politician) – 2008[97]
- Minister of Education and Culture – Blanca Ovelar – 2003[98]
- Presidential Candidate – Blanca Ovelar – 2008[99][100]
- Minister of Indigenous Affairs – Margarita Mbywangi – 2008[101]
- Minister of Women – Gloria Rubin – 2012[102]
- Minister of Justice and Labor – Sheila Abed – 2013[103]
Peru[edit]
- Senator of the Republic – Irene Silva de Santolalla – 1956[104]
- Deputy of the Republic – Matilde Pérez Palacio – 1956[105]
- Mayor of Lima – Anita Fernandini de Naranjo – 1963[106]
- Minister of Education – Mercedes Cabanillas – 1987 (first woman ever in the Council of Ministers)[107]
- President of Congress – Martha Chávez – 1995[108]
- Prime Minister – Beatriz Merino – 2003[109]
- Minister of Health – Pilar Mazzetti – 2004[110]
- Ombudswoman of the Republic – Beatriz Merino – 2005[109]
- Minister of Interior – Pilar Mazzetti – 2006[110]
- Minister of Justice and Human Rights of Peru - María Bockos Heredia de Grillo -1989[111]
- Minister of Foreign Commerce and Tourism – Mercedes Aráoz – 2006[112]
- Minister of Transportation and Communications – Verónica Zavala – 2006[113]
- Minister of Work and Employment – Susana Pinilla – 2006[114]
- President (acting) – Lourdes Mendoza – 2007 (Alan García went to Ecuador, so she stayed in charge of the Presidency for one day)[115]
- Minister of Foreign Affairs – Eda Rivas – 2013[116]
Suriname[edit]
- Minister of Social Affairs and Housing – Siegmien Staphorst – 1980[117]
- Minister of Justice and Police - Yvonne Raveles-Resida - 1999[118]
- Foreign minister – Marie Levens – 2000[119]
Uruguay[edit]
- Legislative Power
- Deputies – Julia Arévalo de Roche, Magdalena Antonelli Moreno – 1943[120]
- Senators – Sofía Álvarez Vignoli, Isabel Pinto de Vidal – 1943[121]
- Cabinet member - Alba Roballo - 1968[122]
- Member of the Board of the National Party and Minister of Labor and Social Welfare - Ana Lía Piñeyrúa - 1995[123]
- Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies – Nora Castro – 2005[124]
- Speaker of the General Assembly – Lucía Topolansky – 15 February 2010[125] / Beatriz Argimón – 1 March 2020
- Acting President of the Republic – Lucía Topolansky – 26–28 November 2010[126]
- Municipal
- Member of municipal council – Alba Roballo – 1955[127]
- Intendant of Montevideo – Ana Olivera – 2010[128]
- Intendant of Artigas – Patricia Ayala – 2010[129]
- Intendant of Lavalleja – Adriana Peña – 2010[130]
- Intendant of San José – Ana María Bentaberri – 2020[131]
- National Government
- Minister of Culture – Alba Roballo – 1968[132]
- Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare – Ana Lía Piñeyrúa – 1995[132]
- Ministry of Housing, Territorial Planning and Environment – Beatriz Martínez – 1999[132]
- Minister of Industry, Energy and Mining – Primavera Garbarino – 2000[132]
- Minister of National Defense – Azucena Berrutti – 2005[132]
- Minister of Public Health – María Julia Muñoz – 2005[132]
- Minister of Social Development – Marina Arismendi – 2005[132]
- Minister of the Interior – Daisy Tourné – 2007[132]
- Minister of Tourism – Liliam Kechichián – 2012[132]
- Minister of Economy and Finance - Azucena Arbeleche - 2020[133]
- Judiciary
- Member of the Supreme Court (Dictatorial period)– Sara Fons de Genta – 1981[134][135][136][137]
- Member of the Supreme Court (Post-Democracy)- Jacinta Balbela – 1985[138][139]
Venezuela[edit]
- Constituent Assembly representative – Mercedes Carvajal de Arocha – 1947[140]
- Senator – Mercedes Carvajal de Arocha – 1948[140]
- Minister of Development – Aura Celina Casanova – 1969[141]
- Presidential candidate – Ismenia Villalba – 1988[142]
- Mayor of Chacao – Irene Sáez – 1992[143]
- Governor – Lolita Aniyar de Castro – 1993[144]
- Governor of Zulia – Lolita Aniyar de Castro – 1993[144][145]
- President of the Chamber of Deputies – Ixora Rojas Paz – 1998[146]
- Vice President – Adina Bastidas – 2002[147]
- President of the National Assembly – Cilia Flores – 2006[148]
- Minister of the Prison Service - Iris Varela - 2011[149]
- Minister of Defense - Carmen Meléndez - 2013[150]
- Foreign minister – Delcy Rodríguez – 2014[151]
See also[edit]
- List of elected and appointed female heads of state
- List of elected or appointed female heads of government
- List of the first LGBT holders of political offices
- List of the first women holders of political offices in North and Central America and the Caribbean
References[edit]
- ^ Regular member of the Supreme Court, not its head.
- ^ Navarro, Marysa (1994). Evita. Buenos Aires: Planet. ISBN 950-742-533-0.
- ^ Fowler, Will. Latin America since 1780. Second Edition. (UK: Hodder Education) 2008. p.116
- ^ Cámara de Diputados de la Nación: Proyecto de resolución (in Spanish)
- ^ "Mujeres en la justicia: por derecho propio". Torcuato di Tella University (in Spanish). 4 June 2006. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
- ^ a b Samaniego, Fabián; Rojas, Nelson; Rodriguez, Francisco; Alarcon, Francisco X. (27 January 2011). Mundo 21 (in Spanish). Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781133168799.
- ^ Blitt, Mary Ann; Casas, Margarita; Copple, Mary T. (1 January 2014). Exploraciones curso intermedio 4LTR press (in Spanish). Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781305436978.
- ^ "Susana Ruiz Cerutti". www.fundacionkonex.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "San Luis: asumió la primera gobernadora". La Nación (in Spanish). 26 December 2001. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Biografia y Noticias de Nilda Garré ||| TresLineas.com.ar". Tres Lineas. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Invertia. Felisa Miceli, la primera mujer en llegar a Economía Archived 2012-07-07 at archive.today.
- ^ "Profile: Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner". BBC News. 8 October 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- ^ "Fabiana Ríos, la primera mujer elegida para gobernar una provincia". www.pagina12.com.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Bolivia Ministers".
- ^ Madrid, VERÓNICA CALDERÓN | (9 May 2011). "Lidia Gueiler, un paréntesis democrático en Bolivia". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments / National Foreign Assessment Center. Jan-Apr 1998". HathiTrust. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ G, Carlos D. Mesa (2003). Presidentes de Bolivia: entre urnas y fusiles : el poder ejecutivo, los ministros de Estado (in Spanish). Editorial Gisbert.
- ^ AGENCIAS (23 January 2006). "Morales toma juramento a los 16 ministros que integran el "nuevo Gabinete del pueblo"". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Gloria McPhee | The Royal Gazette:Bermuda Opinion". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Una mujer toma el mando del Ministerio de Defensa". hemeroteca.correodelsur.com. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Rezzutti, Paulo (11 May 2018). Mulheres do Brasil: A história não contada (in Brazilian Portuguese). LEYA. ISBN 9788544107065.
- ^ (in Portuguese) [1]
- ^ a b c d e (in Portuguese) "As Mulheres Fazem História" Archived 2013-06-19 at the Wayback Machine. IBGE teen.
- ^ a b (in Portuguese) "Primeira prefeita do Brasil". Diário do Nordeste. October 5, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e (in Portuguese) "Direito de voto feminino completa 76 anos no Brasil; saiba mais sobre essa conquista". Folha de S. Paulo. February 21, 2008.
- ^ (in Portuguese) Almeida, Denise. "3 de maio de 1933 — A primeira deputada eleita" Archived 2015-09-21 at the Wayback Machine. Jornal do Brasil. April 3, 2009.
- ^ "Brazil Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ^ (in Portuguese) "Arquivo G1: Brasil tem primeira senadora". G1. May 11, 2007.
- ^ "Morre Esther Ferraz, a primeira mulher a ocupar cargo de ministra no Brasil". Folha Online. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
- ^ (in Portuguese) Eleições 2002 – Curiosidades. Folha de S. Paulo.
- ^ (in Portuguese) AFP. "Dilma Rousseff é eleita primeira mulher presidente do Brasil"[permanent dead link]. Yahoo!. October 31, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g Apuro, Revista (30 May 2016). "#AlgoaTemer: As mulheres que estavam aqui". Revista Apuro. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ (in Portuguese) Martello, Alexandre. "Zélia Cardoso ressurge e diz que 'pragmatismo' guiou Plano Collor". G1. September 9, 2008.
- ^ "Dayse Kinzo abre seminário sobre combate a incêndios". memoria.ebc.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). 22 May 2002. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ a b Tasso, Ismara; Navarro, Pedro (1 January 2012). Produção de identidades e processos de subjetivação em práticas discursivas (in Brazilian Portuguese). Editora da Universidade Estadual de Maringá - EDUEM. ISBN 9788576285830.
- ^ "Folha Online - Brasil - Marta Suplicy aceita Ministério do Turismo e se diz satisfeita com o cargo - 19/03/2007". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Márcia Lopes, assistente social paranaense, assume Ministério do Desenvolvimento e Combate à Fome – CRESS-PR" (in Brazilian Portuguese). 31 March 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Após série de desgastes, Ana de Hollanda deixa Ministério da Cultura; Marta Suplicy assume". noticias.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Ideli Salvatti: Tentam apagar as mulheres da História". www.pt.org.br. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Vereadora e deputada no RS, Maria do Rosário vira ministra". Terra (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ G1, Do; Paulo, em Brasília e em São (26 December 2010). "Com 9 mulheres, Dilma supera 'cota' de Lula, FHC, Collor, Itamar e Sarney". Política (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sebastián Oyarce and Camila Infanta (11 January 2009). "Voto Mujer: A 60 años de la conquista". El Mercurio. Also available in diario.elmercurio.cl, VOTO MUJER, a 60 años de la conquista
- ^ "Municipalidad de Santiago". Municipalidaddesantiago.cl. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ "NUNCA ES TARDE PARA REITERAR NUESTRAS DISCULPAS". PichilemuNews.cl || Pichilemu en Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Ester Roa". www.diarioelsur.cl. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Las Condes". Lascondes.cl. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ a b "OLGA BOETTCHER MAETSCHL, PRIMERA MUJER GOBERNADORA EN CHILE Y AMERICA". BND: Archivo de referencias críticas. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ El Mercurio S.A.P. (6 October 2007). "El Mercurio.com". Diario.elmercurio.cl. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ El Mercurio S.A.P. (13 December 2005). "El Mercurio.com". Diario.elmercurio.cl. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ LUN. "El Mercurio | NACIONAL| Página 6 | viernes, 25 de diciembre de 2015". Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- ^ "Mireya Baltra, Ministra del Trabajo de Salvador Allende: "Quedé con la sensación de que hicimos poco"" (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Nueva ministra de Educación: Adriana Delpiano, una cara conocida en La Moneda | La Tercera". www.latercera.com. 27 June 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Reseñas parlamentarias – Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile". Biografias.bcn.cl. 5 September 2009. Archived from the original on 10 May 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ "La salud está en manos de las mujeres: hoy son siete de cada 10 funcionarios". El Mercurio (in Spanish). 23 July 2012.
- ^ "Alejandra Krauss: La ex ministra DC del gobierno de Lagos que llega a Trabajo | La Tercera". www.latercera.com. 18 November 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "¿Quién es Michelle Bachelet?". BBC News. 15 January 2006. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
- ^ "Sonia Tschorne: Pionera por partida triple". Revista COSAS (in European Spanish). 27 April 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Cooperativa.cl. "Quiénes son los ministros de la Presidenta Michelle Bachelet". Cooperativa.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ S.A.P, El Mercurio (30 January 2006). "Ingrid Antonijevic: El cerebro de las finanzas de Bachelet liderará Economía | Emol.com". Emol (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Karen Poniachik fue designada Ministra de Minería y Energía". Minería Chilena (in European Spanish). 31 January 2006. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ S.A.P, El Mercurio (30 January 2006). "Paulina Urrutia: Mujer de artes al Ministerio de las artes | Emol.com". Emol (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Carolina Tohá es la primera mujer que asume la vocería de Gobierno" [Carolina Tohá is the first woman to be the Government spokesperson]. Emol.com. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
- ^ "nacion.cl – Loreto Silva es la primera mujer que lidera Obras Públicas en 125 años de historia ministerial". Lanacion.cl. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
- ^ "Paola Tapia Salas, la primera mujer que asume la cabeza del Ministerio de Transportes" [Paola Tapia Salas, the first woman to be the head of Ministry of Transport]. Emol.com (in Spanish). 14 March 2017.
- ^ S.A.P, El Mercurio (5 November 2001). "Histórico juramento de mujeres en Corte Suprema | Emol.com". Emol. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ^ Nacional, Biblioteca del Congreso. "Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional | Historia Política". bcn.cl. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "Discurso Diputada Adriana Muñoz D'Alvora – Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile" (in Spanish). Bcn.cl. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ Barrionuevo, Alexei (11 March 2010). "Michelle Bachelet profile". Topics.nytimes.com. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
- ^ "Isabel Allende, primera mujer que asume como presidenta del Senado en Chile". La Nación. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ^ "Columbia Ministers".
- ^ a b Semana (11 March 2015). "Mujeres pioneras". Mujeres pioneras en Colombia (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Semana (3 December 2005). "Josefina Valencia De Hubach". Josefina Valencia De Hubach (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Semana (3 December 2005). "Esmeralda arboleda". Esmeralda arboleda (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ^ "Esmeralda, la primera mujer senadora en Colombia". MSN (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ^ "Una mujer que hizo historia | ELESPECTADOR.COM". ELESPECTADOR.COM (in Spanish). 22 January 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- ^ "Dimite la ministra de Justicia de Colombia". El País (in Spanish). 23 September 1989. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
- ^ Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (17 May 1998). "NOEMÍ SANÍN, UNA FEMINISTA TRADICIONAL". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- ^ rhiss.net. "Legitimidad electoral en duda por Reforma Política". colombiaparatodos.net. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Guía de las mujeres (in Spanish). Instituto del Tercer Mundo. 2000.
- ^ "Gran Alianza Promete Salvar El Congreso". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 29 March 2000.
- ^ "Marta Lucía Ramirez | La Lupa - Revista Digital". la-lupa.com (in European Spanish). Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- ^ "Perfil de Claudia Blum de Barberi". congresovisible.uniandes.edu.co. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Semana (11 March 2015). "Mujeres pioneras". Mujeres pioneras en Colombia. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ a b "Ecuador Ministers".
- ^ vertele.eldiario.es (9 November 2018). "Rosalía Arteaga, primera mujer presidenta de Ecuador: "Cortaban las patas de mis sillas para que pareciera más bajita"". vertele (in European Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Zea, Leopoldo (2004). El cambio del Viejo Mundo empieza en el Nuevo Mundo: seis lecturas sobre la América Latina contemporánea (in Spanish). UNAM. ISBN 9789703218608.
- ^ "Dirigente de PSE y fue la primera Min. de Defensa - ENE. 25, 2007 - Política - Historicos - EL UNIVERSO". www.eluniverso.com. 25 January 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Ledy Zúñiga Rocha es la primera mujer en presidir la Secretaría Técnica de Drogas | Secretaría Técnica de Prevención Integral de Drogas". www.prevenciondrogas.gob.ec (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 June 2018.
- ^ "Ledy Zúñiga Rocha. Secretaria Técnica de Prevención Integral de Drogas (SETED), Ecuador | COPOLAD". copolad.eu (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 June 2018.
- ^ "VINSON, MARJORIE (née DOWNS)". www.falklandsbiographies.org. Dictionary of Falklands Biography. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ "As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG". MercoPress. 23 July 2022.
- ^ "First Female Deputy Speaker". Our House. Guyana.
- ^ a b "Janet Jagan". The Guardian. 30 March 2009.
- ^ Staff Reporter (9 March 2010). "Rodrigues-Birkett honoured by Foreign Affairs Ministry staff". Guyana Chronicle. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Serafina Dávalos, lawyer and feminist" (in Spanish). MujeresTejiendoLaPaz.org. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- ^ "Paraguay Ministers".
- ^ "Leila asume hoy como primera mujer ministra de RR.EE. - Edicion Impresa" (in Spanish). ABC Color. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Ministra de Salud encabeza ránking de mejores ministros". ultimahora.com (in European Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Montess, Paulo Ramon (21 May 2013). "El MEC Cumple 70 Anos de Vida Institucional (2/5)". Retrieved 7 February 2019 – via PressReader.
- ^ "Paraguay nominates first woman for president", Associated Press (International Herald Tribune), January 22, 2008.
- ^ "BBC Mundo | Elecciones paraguay 2008". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Morinigo, Lilian (27 December 2017). "Margarita Mbywangi: de esclava a lideresa". El Orejiverde (in European Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Gloria Rubín, titular del Ministerio de la Mujer - Paraguay.com". www.paraguay.com. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "La primera mujer en el Ministerio del Trabajo". ABC Color (in European Spanish). Retrieved 14 June 2018.
- ^ "Irene Santolalla, 90, Peruvian Specialist On Children, Is Dead". The New York Times. 4 August 1992. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Matilde Pérez Palacio: Centenario de la primera diputada por Lima". RPP (in Spanish). 6 September 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Personajes de Lima: Anita Fernandini, la primera alcaldesa de Lima". Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Mercedes Cabanillas Bustamante". www4.congreso.gob.pe. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ Conaghan, Catherine M. (2005). Fujimori's Peru: Deception in the Public Sphere. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 57
- ^ a b noticias.universia.edu.pe. "Beatriz Merino entre las 100 mujeres más inspiradoras del mundo". Noticias Universia Perú (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ a b "Pilar Mazzetti Soler: "Un ministro es un fusible"". Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ Caretas: ilustración peruana (in Spanish). Empresa Editora Caretas S. A. 1994.
- ^ "La economista Mercedes Aráoz jura el cargo como nueva primera ministra de Perú". RTVE.es (in Spanish). 18 September 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Ejecutivo designa a nuevos viceministros de Transportes y sector Comunicaciones". Panamericana Televisión. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Susana Pinilla es la nueva directora representante de CAF en Panamá". www.caf.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Por segunda vez gobernaré Perú, dice Lourdes Mendoza". El Comercio (in Spanish). 25 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Eda Rivas, la primera mujer en asumir la cancillería de Perú". El Universo (in Spanish). 15 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "Suriname Ministers".
- ^ "SURINAME: BIOGRAPHIES OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS, NOV. 1996". 13 January 2004. Archived from the original on 13 January 2004. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
- ^ "Starnieuws - Staande ovatie Marie Levens voor excellente prestaties". www.starnieuws.com. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "La Republica (Uruguay): 2018-03-09 - March 8". Retrieved 8 February 2019 – via PressReader.
- ^ ElPais. "Del corsé a la bicicleta liberadora". Diario EL PAIS Uruguay (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ Uruguay, SEPREDI, Departamento Web | Presidencia de la República Oriental del. "Homenaje a la mujer que dedicó su vida a la defensa de la libertad de los más humildes". archivo.presidencia.gub.uy. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Martínez, Rufo (7 December 2012). "Sin exclusiones". la diaria (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "Eligen a Nora Castro presidenta de la Cámara de Diputados | Cimac Noticias". www.cimacnoticias.com.mx. 30 November 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Think Uruguay's president is fascinating? Meet his wife". Public Radio International. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Lucía Topolansky, presidenta por dos días | Noticias | elmundo.es". www.elmundo.es. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Parlamento uruguayo homenajea a Alba Roballo, la primera ministra del país". La Vanguardia. 4 September 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Ana Olivera Primera Mujer Intendenta de Montevideo Electa". MontevideoUrbano (in European Spanish). 4 April 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ Legrand, Denisse (21 July 2018). "Patricia Ayala: El FA debería promover nombres de mujeres pero "no sólo para los segundos lugares"". la diaria (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ ElPais. "Adriana Peña será la única mujer intendenta del país". Diario EL PAIS Uruguay (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ ElPais. "Ana Bentaberri, la primera mujer en llegar a la intendencia de San José". Diario EL PAIS Uruguay (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Uruguayan Government Ministers". rulers.org. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
- ^ "Azucena Arbeleche: "Son las personas y las empresas quienes mejor pueden llevar a cabo la asignación de recursos eficiente y eficaz"" (in Spanish). Uruguay: La Diaria. 6 December 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
- ^ Borges, Ana Inés Larre; Pereira, Cielo (1997). Mujeres uruguayas: Julia Arévalo ; Dolores Castillo ; Enriqueta Compte y Riqué ; Melchora Cuenca ; Luisa Luisi ; Matilde Pacheco ; Manolita Piña de Torres García ; Concepción Silva ; Susana Soca ; Armonía Sommers (in Spanish). Fundación Banco de Boston. ISBN 9789974671089.
- ^ Diccionario biográfico de la mujer en el Uruguay (in Spanish). O.A. Fraire. 1999.
- ^ Galería de Búsqueda (in Spanish). 2007.
- ^ Sánchez, Santiago (8 March 2018). "La participación de las mujeres en el Poder Judicial decrece en las jerarquías más altas, aunque la tendencia se está revirtiendo". la diaria (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 May 2018.
- ^ "Falleció la jurista Jacinta Balbela". El Observador (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ "La juezas al poder". Busqueda. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ a b Who's Who in Latin America: Part III, Columbia, Ecuador and Venezuela. Stanford University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-8047-0726-8.
- ^ "Venezuela Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ^ El Universal, September 20, 2009. “Fallecìó la primera candidata a la presidencia”
- ^ McCoy, Jennifer (2006). "From Representative to Participatory Democracy?". In McCoy, Jennifer, Myers, David J. (eds.) (ed.). The unraveling of representative democracy in Venezuela. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801884284. OCLC 225220185.
- ^ a b "Absent Friends". European Group for the Study of Deviance and Social Control.
- ^ "Falleció la primera mujer gobernadora del Zulia, Lolita Aniyar de Castro". elvenezolanonews.com (in European Spanish). Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "El cáncer se llevó a Ixora Rojas, primera mujer en dirigir el antiguo Congreso de Venezuela". Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). 19 June 2016. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
- ^ "Venezuela's Maduro renews cabinet, names vice president". Xinhua. 15 June 2018. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018.
- ^ Cawthorne, Andrew; Naranjo, Mario (9 December 2012). "Who is Nicolas Maduro, Possible Successor to Hugo Chávez?". The Christian Science Monitor.
- ^ "Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Servicio Penitenciario- Mppsp". MPPSP (in European Spanish). Retrieved 13 June 2018.
- ^ "Venezuela names admiral to be first female defense minister". Reuters. 6 July 2013.
- ^ Semana (15 June 2018). "Delcy Rodríguez, la mujer más poderosa de Venezuela". Delcy Rodríguez, la mujer más poderosa de Venezuela (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
