Kitāb al-bayṭara

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Grooming a horse, Kitab al-baytara 2010, Topkapi Museum.[1]

The Kitāb al-bayṭara (Arabic: كتاب البيطرة, "Book of Farriery"[2] or "Book of Hippiatrics"[3]) is a 12th-century Arabic treatise on horse medicine by Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn al-Aḥnaf.[4]

Sources[edit]

The Kitāb al-bayṭara is based on a Greek work on the grooming and veterinary treatment of horses entitled Hippiatrica.[5] The style of the two known manuscripts is characteristic of the pictorial tradition in Upper Mesopotamia, northern Iraq, and southeastern Anatolia at that time, with its frameless figures on a blank background.[5]

Manuscripts[edit]

Two illustrated manuscripts of the text are known, produced by the same artist, ʿAlī ibn Ḥasan ibn Hibatallāh, dating to 1209 (Cairo, Egyptian National Library and Archives, Khalil Agha F8) and 1210 (Istanbul, Topkapı Library, TSMK, A. 2115) are known.[6]

The 1209 copy manuscript is dated to 1209 through its colophon; the colophon also indicates that it was produced in Baghdad. It is the only pre-Mongol illustrated manuscript whose place of production is securely attributed to Baghdad, which makes it a key work in trying to define a "Baghdad School" of illustrated manuscripts before the Mongol Siege of Baghdad in 1258.[7] The manuscript depicts horse-riders who wear the Turkic sharbūsh headgear.[8]

The 1210 copy does not mention Baghdad, but is considered a copy of the 1209 manuscript, made by the same calligrapher.[9]

The Kitāb al-bayṭara has been used as an artistic reference to try to attribute a famous 1237 CE Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī manuscript (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Arabe 5847) to Baghdad as well. The attempt is based on a certain level of artistic similarity, but this attribution remains uncertain, and the place of production of the BNF Arabe 5847 remains unsure and it can only said to have been made between Syria and Iraq.[10]

Another illustrated manuscript which is tentatively attributed to pre-Mongol Baghdad is the dispersed 1224 Dioscorides (De Materia Medica 1224).[10][11] Here again, attribution to Baghdad remains tentative, and a more cautious attribution, such as "Iraq or Northern Jazira, possibly Baghdad" is often preferred.[12]

  • Ibn al-Aḥnaf, Kitāb al-Bayṭara, Baghdad, dated AH 605/1210 CE . A horse. Istanbul, TKS, Ahmet III 2115.
    Ibn al-Aḥnaf, Kitāb al-Bayṭara, Baghdad, dated AH 605/1210 CE . A horse. Istanbul, TKS, Ahmet III 2115.
  • Ibn al-Aḥnaf, Kitāb al-Bayṭara, Baghdad, dated AH 605/1210 CE. Frontispiece. Istanbul, TKS, Ahmet III 2115.
    Ibn al-Aḥnaf, Kitāb al-Bayṭara, Baghdad, dated AH 605/1210 CE. Frontispiece. Istanbul, TKS, Ahmet III 2115.
  • Rider wearing Turkic sharbūsh. 1209 CE, Baghdad. Egyptian National Library and Archives, (Khalil Agha F8).[13]
    Rider wearing Turkic sharbūsh. 1209 CE, Baghdad. Egyptian National Library and Archives, (Khalil Agha F8).[13]
  • Rider with sharbūsh, thrown from his horse. 1209 CE, Baghdad. Egyptian National Library and Archives, (Khalil Agha F8).[8]
    Rider with sharbūsh, thrown from his horse. 1209 CE, Baghdad. Egyptian National Library and Archives, (Khalil Agha F8).[8]
  • Ibn al-Aḥnaf, Kitāb al-Bayṭara, Baghdad, dated AH 605/ 1209 CE. Horse training.[8]
    Ibn al-Aḥnaf, Kitāb al-Bayṭara, Baghdad, dated AH 605/ 1209 CE. Horse training.[8]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Atbaş, Zeynep (1 August 2019). Artistic Aspects of Sultan Bayezid II’s Book Treasury Collection: Extant Volumes Preserved at the Topkapı Palace Museum Library (Treasures of Knowledge: An Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/3-1503/4) (2 vols)). Brill. pp. 161–211. doi:10.1163/9789004402508_005.
  2. ^ Contadini 2012, p. 7.
  3. ^ Hala El Balaa, The Early Representation of Nature in the Late Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Century in the Islamic Manuscripts of the Central Islamic Lands, MA thesis, Lebanese American University, 2023.
  4. ^ Martin Heide, ed., Das Buch der Hippiatrie – Kitāb al-Bayṭara (Harrassowitz Verlag, 2008), p. 46.
  5. ^ a b Atbaş, Zeynep (1 August 2019). Artistic Aspects of Sultan Bayezid II’s Book Treasury Collection: Extant Volumes Preserved at the Topkapı Palace Museum Library (Treasures of Knowledge: An Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/3-1503/4) (2 vols)). Brill. p. 197. doi:10.1163/9789004402508_005.
  6. ^ Contadini 2012, p. 103, note 2.
  7. ^ Grabar 1984, p. 10 "We have certainly been cured of the tendency to attribute almost all Near Eastern examples of pre-Mongol painting to Baghdad, but even a more limited ascription of only four manuscripts to the Baghdad school (...) is based on the colophon in only one, the Cairo Kitab al-Baytarah, which was no doubt completed in Baghdad."
  8. ^ a b c Contadini 2012, Plate 34.
  9. ^ Contadini 2012, p. 155.
  10. ^ a b Grabar 1984, p. 10.
  11. ^ "'Abdullah ibn al-Fadl "Physician Preparing an Elixir", Folio from a Materia Medica of Dioscorides". The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  12. ^ "'Abdullah ibn al-Fadl "Physician Preparing an Elixir", Folio from a Materia Medica of Dioscorides". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Attributed to Iraq or Northern Jazira, possibly Baghdad.
  13. ^ Contadini 2012, Plate 33.

Sources[edit]

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