Nuniyya of Ibn Zaydun
The "Nuniyya of Ibn Zaydun" (Arabic: نونية ابن زيدون; incipit: أَضْحَى التَنائي بَديلاً مِن تَدانينا) is a 52–verse nūniyya, or poem in nūn, by the 11th century Andalusi poet Ibn Zaydun (d. 1071).[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] It has been described by Michael Sells as the "quintessential Arabic love poem."[3]: 129
The poem was written to Wallada bint al-Mustakfi.[7] It is a poem of longing.[7]
Structure[edit]
Raymond K. Farrin identifies a ring composition in the poem and divides the poem into five discrete sections: A – B – C – B¹ – A¹.[2] According to Farrin:
Section A introduces the idea of the poet's separation from his beloved, Wallāda, and culminates in a mood of hopelessness and resignation. Morning is associated with this somber reality. In section B, Ibn Zaydân addresses Wallāda formally and recalls that their nights together were blissful. Section C constitutes the heart of the poem, a paean to Wallāda's beauty and royal stature. At the end of C, the poet switches to an intimate form of address, having implied that, her nobility notwithstanding, he is an equal by the agency of sensual love. B¹ and A¹ correspond thematically to sections B and A, yet the tone becomes increasingly personal at the end of the poem, consonant with private subject matter and an appeal for a reply. The ghazal concludes at the point when figurative night, filled with its dreams of Wallāda and hopes for a response, is about to be replaced by the bleak morning hour and hopelessness of the introduction, suggesting an awareness on behalf of the poet that word from the beloved will not likely come.[2]
Poetic devices[edit]
Antithesis[edit]
Farrin notes that in the two hemistiches of verse 14, the most often quoted verse of the poem, there appear five instances of ṭibāq (طِباق 'antithesis'):[2]
| Verse 14 | |
|---|---|
| hālat lifaqdikumu ayyāmunā, faghadat | حالَت لِفَقدِكُمُ أَيّامُنا فَغَدَت |
| Our days have been transformed by your absence so that they have
become | |
| sūdan, wa kānat bikum bīdan layālīnā | سوداً وَكانَت بِكُم بيضاً لَيالينا |
| black-morned whereas with you our nights were white[2] | |
| instances of ṭibāq | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hālat - kānat | faqdikum - bikum | ayyāmunā - layālīnā | sūdan - bīdan | kum - na |
| transformed - were | your absence - with you | our days - our nights | black - white | your - our[2] |
Editions[edit]
- ديوان ابن زيدون Dīwān Ibn Zaydun, ed. Karam al-Bustānī (Beirut, 1964)[1]
- ديوان ابن زيدون ورسائله Ibn Zaydun, Dīwān wa Rasā'il, ed. 'Ali 'Abdu'l-'Azym (Cairo, 1957)[1]
Translations[edit]
English[edit]
- Monroe, James T. Hispano-Arabic Poetry (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1974), pp. 178-87, (50 verses)[1]
- NykI, A. R. Hispano-Arabic Poetry and Its Relations with the Old Provençal Troubadours (Baltimore, 1946), pp. 115-16 (50 verses)[1]
French[edit]
- Cour, A. Un Poete Arabe d'Andalousie, Ibn Zaydan (Constantinople, 1920), pp. 70-74, (49 verses)[1]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f Lug, Sieglinde (1981). "Toward a Definition of Excellence in Classical Arabic Poetry: An Analysis of Ibn Zaydūn's Nūniyya". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 101 (3): 331–345. doi:10.2307/602595. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 602595.
- ^ a b c d e f Farrin, Raymond (2003-01-01). "THE NŪNIYYA OF IBN ZAYDŪN: A STRUCTURAL AND THEMATIC ANALYSIS". Journal of Arabic Literature. 34 (1–2): 82–106. doi:10.1163/157006403764980578. ISSN 0085-2376.
- ^ a b Sells, Michael. “Love.” Chapter. In The Literature of Al-Andalus, edited by María Rosa Menocal, Raymond P. Scheindlin, and Michael Sells, 126–58. The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
- ^ أحمد محمد عطا (July 2018). "مرجعية التكوين الإيقاعي في نونية ابن زيدون". الاستواء (10): 1–27. doi:10.12816/0046837. ISSN 2356-9808. S2CID 243969958.
- ^ أحمد مهدی علی, عزة (2020-01-01). "التماسک النصی فی نونیة ابن زیدون دراسة بلاغیة فی ضوء علم البدیع". مجلة الآداب والعلوم الإنسانیة (in Arabic). 90 (1): 189–224. doi:10.21608/fjhj.2020.93560. ISSN 1110-4341.
- ^ محمد, عطا، أحمد (2005). نونية ابن زيدون بين التأثير والتأثر (in Arabic). مكتبة الآداب،. ISBN 978-977-241-681-3.
- ^ a b c "Ibn Zaydūn (1003-1070), An Introduction to." In Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism, edited by Jelena O. Krstovic. Vol. 89. Detroit, MI: Gale, 2007. Gale Literature Criticism (accessed February 20, 2024).
- ^ Zaydūn, Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd Allāh Ibn (1980). ديوان ابن زيدون ورسائله (in Arabic). دار نهضة مصر للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع. ISBN 978-977-286-232-0.