Kawęczyn, Warsaw
Kawęczyn | |
|---|---|
 The Kawęczyn Heat Plant located in Kawęczyn, in 2021. | |
| Coordinates: 52°16′08″N 21°07′16″E / 52.26889°N 21.12111°E | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Voivodeship | Masovian Voivodeship |
| City county | Warsaw |
| District | Rembertów |
| Municipal Information System area | Kawęczyn-Wygoda |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Area code | +48 22 |
Kawęczyn is a neighbourhood, in the city of Warsaw, Poland, located within the district of Rembertów, in the Municipal Information System area of Kawęczyn-Wygoda.[1]
History[edit]
In 1931, in the area of modern Kawęczyn was discovered a cemetery containing 19 graves of cremated bodies. The discovery was described in 1932 as dating back to the period of the Later Roman Empire (3rd century – 7th century).[2] It was later proposed by some archeologists, such as Barbara Jankowska, that the archeological presence of artefacts of cultures of Corded Ware, Comb Ceramic, Trzciniec, and Bell Jar Urn (subgroup of the Pomeranian culture), was proof that the cemetery was older than previously estimated.[2][3]
Since the 12th century, Kawęczyn was part of the land property centered on the nearby Kamionek.[4] In the 16th century, Kawęczyn had an area of around 117 hectares (1.17 km2 or 0.45 square miles).[2]
Between 28 and 30 July 1656, Kawęczyn was partially the location of the Battle of Warsaw, fought by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Crimean Khanate against the Swedish Empire and Brandenburg-Prussia, during the Second Northern War.[5]
In 1796, Kawęczyn and the surrounding area, became the government property, and were integrated into the economic sphere of influence of the nearby city of Warsaw.[2]
In 1811, Kawęczyn was inhabited by 8 cotters (peasant farmers), and had 16 houses. In the village was also located a tavern named Wygoda, located near the Brześć Road. In around ten next years, around the tavern had developed a settlement named Wygoda, with community based around farming and serving the travelers.[2]
In 1827, Kawęczyn has the population of 131 people, and had 24 houses. In Kawęczyn was also located the brick factory and a factory of terracotta products.[2]
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During the November Uprising, the area was a partial location of the major battles of the conflict: First Battle of Wawer fought between 19 and 20 February 1831, and Battle of Olszynka Grochowska on 25 February 1831.[6]
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In 1826, the brick factory in Kawęczyn was nationalized and control over it was given to the city of Warsaw. In 1866, local businessmen Kazimierz Granzow, transformed the factory into Kawęczyńskie Zakłady Cegielniane Kazimierza Granzowa (Kazimierz Granzow's Kawęczyn Brick Factories), which become the biggest brickworks in the Congress Poland for the next 80 years.[7]
Between 1882 and 1893, the Fort Kawęczyn had been built within the modern boundaries of Kawęczyn-Wygoda, as part of the series of fortifications of the Warsaw Fortress, build around Warsaw by the Russian Empire. In 1909, it was decided to decommission and demolish the fortifications of the Warsaw Fortress, due to the high costs of their maintenance, and as such the Fort Kawęczyn was deconstructed in subsequent years. Currently there are no remains of the construction in the area.[8]
In 1905, Kawęczyn had the population of 1437 people. In the village were located 51 houses, 5 stores, a school, brick factory and the forge.[2]
On 8 April 1916, the settlement of Zapowiednia, which was a part of the landed property of Kawęczyn, was incorporated into the city of Warsaw. Currently, it corresponds to the neighbourhood of Grochów V, which is part of area of Grochów.[2]
In 1921, Kawenczyn was divided into a village inhabited by 416 people, and a company town inhabited by 563 people, which in total was 979 people.[2]
On 1 April 1939, Kawęczyn was incorporated into the town of Rembertów, which itself was formed on that day from the towns of Rembertów Nowy and Rembertów Stary, and the surrounding villages.[9]
Between 1940 and 1944, during the Second World War, while under the German occupation, in Kawęczyn, soldiers of Nazi Germany had executed at least several dozen people, which were then buried there in mass graves. Among the victims were members of the Zawisza group of the Gray Ranks, and major Roman Węgrowicz, officer of the Home Army.[10] In 1944, the brick factory in Kawęczyn was destroyed in the arial bombardment.[7]
On 1 April 1957, the town of Rembertów was incorporated into Warsaw.[11]
In 1979, in Kawęczyn had begun the construction of the Kawęczyn Heat Plant, with the building being opened in 1983.[12][13]
References[edit]
- ^ "Obszary MSI. Dzielnica Bielany". zdm.waw.pl (in Polish).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Encyklopedia Warszawy. Warsaw: Polish Scientific Publishers PWN, 1994, pp. 328–329. ISBN 83-01-08836-2
- ^ Barbara Jankowska: Cmentarzysko z późnego okresu rzymskiego w Warszawie-Kawęczynie, In: Wiadomości Archeologiczne, vol. 28, issue 4, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1962.
- ^ Dzieje Pragi, Polish Scientific Publishers PWN, 1970.
- ^ Mirosław Nagielski: Bitwa pod Warszawą (1656), Wydawnictwo Bellona, 2007. ISBN 978-83-11-10796-0
- ^ Edmund Callier: Bitwy i potyczki stoczone przez wojsko polskie w roku 1831. Poznań: Drukarnia Dziennika Poznańskiego, 1887, p. 9.
- ^ a b "CEGIELNIE GRANZOWA W KAWĘCZYNIE". dawnyrembertow.pl (in Polish).
- ^ Lech Królikowski: Twierdza Warszawa, Warsaw, 2002.
- ^ Rozporządzenie Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych z dnia 27 marca 1939 r. o zaliczeniu osady Rembertów (Stary i Nowy) w powiecie i województwie warszawskim w poczet miast i o rozszerzeniu granic tego miasta. In: 1939 Journal of Laws, no. 28, position 186. Warsaw. 1939.
- ^ Jerzy Holzer, Historyk w trybach historii. Wspomnienia, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Znak, 2013, p. 123.
- ^ Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 8 kwietnia 1957 r. w sprawie zmiany granic m.st. Warszawy oraz zmiany granic osiedla Zielonka w powiecie wołomińskim, województwie warszawskim. In: 1957 Journal of Laws, no. 24, position 113. Warsaw. 1957.
- ^ Krzysztof Jabłoński and others: Warszawa: portret miasta. Warsaw: Arkady, 1984. ISBN 83-213-2993-4
- ^ "Ciepłownia Kawęczyn". termika.pgnig.pl (in Polish).