Miguel Irigaray Gorría

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Miguel Irigaray Gorría
Miguel Irigaray.jpg
Born1850 (1850)
Peralta, Spain
Died1903(1903-00-00) (aged 52–53)
Málaga, Spain
NationalitySpanish
Occupations
  • Politician
  • Lawyer

Miguel Irigaray Gorría (1850–1903) was a Spanish Carlist politician from Navarre. His career climaxed during three terms in Congreso de los Diputados, the lower chamber of the Cortes; in 1896–1898 (from Tudela), 1901–1903 (from Aoiz) and 1903 (again from Aoiz); his bids of 1886, 1891, 1893 and 1898 were unsuccessful. During his service he was recognized principally as an ardent opponent of governmental secularization policy, who in numerous parliamentarian addresses spoke in favor of the Church – especially religious orders – and who demanded that the constitutionally guaranteed religious liberty be abolished.

Family and youth[edit]

Peralta, around 1850

The family of Irigaray[1] is of Basque origin;[2] in the early modern era one branch settled in southern Navarre, in the area along the Ebro known as Ribera Alta. The first Irigaray was baptized in the town of Peralta[3] in 1620;[4] six generations followed until the great-grandfather of Miguel, Juan Irigaray Cerdán (born 1740)[5] and then his grandfather Sebastián Irigaray Alemán (born 1770) were recorded in the local parish documents; their status and social position is not clear.[6] The father of Miguel, Anselmo Irigaray Iturbide (1804–1885),[7] was also born in Peralta.[8] In the press or in historiography he was referred to as “propietario”[9] or “ganadero".[10] As the owner of some 9,5 hectares near the village of Azagra he counted in-between modest landholders[11] and well-off farmers in the county.[12] He specialized in breeding of sheep; in the late 1850s his flock was about 900 animals.[13] Between the mid-1850s and the mid-1860s he served in the local ayuntamiento, and in 1866–1867 he was the alcalde of Peralta.[14]

Anselmo married a local girl 24 years his junior, Eusebia Gorría Irigaray, descendant to a Gorría family which has been long inter-marrying with the Irigarays.[15] The couple lived on the family estate in Peralta and had 8 children, 6 boys and 2 girls, born between 1849 and 1866.[16] Miguel was their second oldest child and the second oldest son. In 1862 and at the age of 12 he entered Seminario Conciliar de Pamplona as a start of his religious career. He was an excellent student who gathered meritissimus marks as sort of routine; however, at unspecified time though probably in the late 1860s he resigned the ecclesiastic path, reportedly because of his poor health.[17] At the outbreak of the Third Carlist War he joined the legitimist ranks and served in Carlist administrative structures in Navarre; he is referred to as secretario of “Junta ó Diputación carlista”,[18] “Junta de Guerra”[19] or “Junta Gubernativa de Navarra”.[20]

Universidad Central, 19th. c.
Universidad Central, 19th. c.

After the Carlist defeat Irigaray opted for a career in law. Following the period of self-learning in 1877 he obtained the baccalaureate with an unspecified, probably Navarrese institution; he than moved to Madrid, passed most exams at Universidad Central[21] and graduated in civil and canonical law in 1878,[22] issued the appropriate ministerial certificate in 1879.[23] In 1883 or 1884[24] Irigaray married María Marco Buelta, descendant to a well-known Marco family from Valle de Roncal.[25] Her father, Francisco León Marco Mayo,[26] was a recognized notary in the mountainous town of Uztarróz.[27] Close to nothing is known about the marriage, except that it lasted at least until 1892.[28] The couple settled in Peralta, but either in the late 1880s[29] or in the early 1890s[30] they moved to Madrid. It is neither known whether the couple had any children; contrary to the custom of the era Irigaray's obituary notes did not refer either to his wife or to any descendants. Irigaray's brother Eusebio in the early 20th century served as the mayor of Peralta.[31]

Early public career (until 1890)[edit]

El Arga

Already in 1865 Irigaray was signing various Traditionalism-flavored open letters;[32] as older teenager he was active in Juventud Católica.[33] Exact years of his service in the Carlist administration in the early 1870s are not clear. Once back from his academic spell in Madrid, in the late 1870s and the early 1880s Irigaray engaged in Basque cultural initiatives, and this is despite near-extinction of Basque language in the Navarrese Ribera.[34] He entered Asociación Euskara and tried to animate El Arga, a four-weekly of fuerista-vasquista profile.[35] In the mid-1880s he gained some local recognition; prior to the 1886 elections he was reported as a Carlist candidate in his native Tafalla district, but it is not clear whether he withdrew or lost.[36] In 1887 he took part in a conference, organized in the Madrid Universidad Central and dedicated to agricultural crisis. During the event he appeared as “representante del ayuntamiento de Tafalla”,[37] but it is not clear whether he was contracted by the Tafalla town hall or whether some time in the mid-1880s he was elected to the ayuntamiento. Irigaray lobbied on part of Navarrese wine growers[38] and demanded that the government introduce measures to limit production of “alcohol industrial”, nearing imposing a state monopoly.[39]

claimant Carlos VII and Cerralbo
claimant Carlos VII and Cerralbo

The year of 1888 produced breakup in Carlist structures; supporters of Ramón Nocedal left to form their own organization and they soon became known as the Integrists. Irigaray was not listed as a protagonist of the strife. However, the Carlist Navarrese daily El Tradicionalista sided with the breakaways; the loyalists decided to launch their own periodical, named La Lealtad Navarra. Irigaray was among these who contributed to its emergence; he was later also one of the contributors to La Lealtad, directed by Alfonso Fernández Casado.[40] However, in the late 1880s his stay in Navarre was about to end; either in 1889[41] or in 1890[42] he moved his law firm to Madrid.[43] The motive quoted by historians was “razones profesionales”.[44] It is known that in 1890 Irigaray was the legal representative of Diputación de Navarra in Madrid, but it is not clear whether it was this particular assignment which triggered his translation to the capital;[45] he later represented also the cities of Tudela[46] and Tafalla.[47]

In 1890 Irigaray became secretary general of the Carlist Junta Directiva of Madrid, presided by the nationwide party leader, Marqués de Cerralbo.[48] He emerged as one of active members of the Madrid círculo, particularly competent in economic issues; in the early 1890s he was noted delivering lectures on commercial and business questions to his fellow party members.[49] Though there were 3 vice-presidents, Irigaray co-presided some Traditionalist sessions in Madrid[50] and was privileged to take to the floor after Cerralbo.[51] Apart from representing the Navarrese deputation he was also active as a lawyer in numerous civil and criminal cases,[52] e.g. defending in court the religious, charged by the authorities.[53] Some sources mention also his “trabajos periodísticos”,[54] but apart from the Pamplonese La Avalancha it is not clear what were the periodicals he contributed to.[55]

Two Cortes bids and the Corbató case (1891–1895)[edit]

Tafalla, 19th. c.
Tafalla, 19th. c.

During the 1891 general elections Irigaray again stood as a Carlist candidate[56] in the district of Tafalla;[57] his counter-candidate was a conservative rival Cecilio Gurrea Zaratiegui.[58] With 3,008 votes gathered he gained support of 38% of the voters, insufficient to obtain the mandate.[59] He lost in 22 out of 32 local constituencies, though he emerged victorious in Peralta.[60] However, his law firm was doing well; in 1892 he moved to new premises[61] and was applauded as a distinguished abogado also in the progressist press, some of his addresses in court considered “among the best in recent times”.[62] He kept delivering key notes in the Carlist Madrid círculo,[63] at times jointly with Cerralbo,[64] and at times spoke at open party rallies.[65] In some Carlist initiatives he stood as representative of Navarre;[66] occasionally he kept writing editorials to the semi-official Carlist press mouthpiece, El Correo Español.[67] However, his poor health kept posing a problem and every some time, e.g. in 1892, the party press informed about the sequence of his illness[68] and recovery.[69]

In the 1893 general elections Irigaray – in the press referred to either as “abogado” or “haciendista”[70] – decided to renew his bid from Tafalla. He again faced the same conservative rival, Gurrea Zaratiegui, and lost again, though this time by a small margin.[71] Irigaray filed a complaint and charged his counter-candidate with electoral corruption. The claim was endorsed in the Cortes by the fellow Carlist Matías Barrio y Mier, who agonized about buying votes in Caparroso;[72] however, the triumph of Gurrea was eventually confirmed.[73] Irigaray withdrew to Madrid, where he kept delivering lectures on economy; the bottom line was that Liberal rules were bringing nothing but decline.[74] As member of the regional Madrid party leadership he had the opportunity to take part in gatherings of the nationwide Carlist command layer;[75] on exceptional basis he was seen beyond the capital and Navarre, e.g. in Manresa.[76] He also went on as abogado, again noted for defending the religious.[77]

Corbato
Corbato

In 1894 Spain was rocked by a scandal caused by a Carlist priest from Valencia, José Corbató; in his brochure he claimed that the regent Maria Christina was leading the Spanish freemasonry. Corbató was brought to court for offending the royal. When organizing legal assistance Carlist structures were choosing between Vázquez de Mella and Irigaray as Corbató's lawyers, but they eventually settled for the latter.[78] Irigaray asked for acquittal,[79] but proceedings were gradually turning against him. He then resolved to a number of tricks, e.g. he asked an auxiliary attorney, also a Carlist, to fake illness in order to save time,[80] or started calling numerous witnesses trying to demonstrate that their accounts were mutually conflicting. Following an unusually long trial, in December 1895 Corbató was sentenced to 11 years and 4 months in prison.[81]

In the Cortes and beyond (1896–1900)[edit]

Tudela, around 1900

During the 1896 elections Irigaray opted for the neighboring district of Tudela, challenging the incumbent liberal candidate, Martin Guelbenzu Sánchez. It turned out that he benefited from the moderate vote getting split between Guelbenzu and the governmental candidate;[82] though Irigaray gathered merely 37% of all votes cast he emerged victorious.[83] However, in the chamber he was a rather inactive deputy, perhaps the result of his renewed health problems.[84] He limited his endeavors to co-signing letters[85] or manifestos[86] issued in name of the 10-member Carlist minority. Irigaray appeared more eloquent when talking to the Traditionalist press. At the time national media started to fear another Carlist rising, anticipated in wake of the growing problems in Cuba and the Philippines. In his 1896–1897 statements Irigaray remained entirely in line with the strategy adopted by Cerralbo;[87] he declared that colonial trouble was the result of Liberal mismanagement, that the Carlists for the time being were not gearing up to violent action, that they would do nothing which might endanger Spanish national interest, and that they had full trust in Carlos VII.[88]

In the new electoral campaign of 1898 Irigaray again opted for Tudela, where he again had to face Guelbenzu. Though his 2,965 votes gathered were more than two years earlier, they were no match for 3,975 of his rival.[89] A contemporary historian speculates that the defeat might have resulted from neutral stand adopted by the Integrists, who refused to support the Carlist candidate.[90] A somewhat untypical pattern was demonstrated by Irigaray's victory in two largest cities of the district, Tudela and Corella; scholars note that the party had little following in rural zones,[91] which runs against the typical pattern of Carlists faring badly in urban constituencies and enjoying larger support in small villages.[92] Following defeat Irigaray was embittered and complained about those who betrayed him; he also declared he would now focus on his law career and on his health.[93] Despite initial plan[94] he did not take part in the successive electoral campaign of 1899 as the claimant ordered abstention.[95]

Carlist standard

Plagued by continuous health problems[96] Irigaray continued his law career; he was noted for applying the Navarrese traditional legislation to civil cases heard in the Madrid court.[97] He represented El Correo Español when the newspaper was sued by the administration, though the result remains unknown.[98] He was among collaborators of Biblioteca Populár Carlista, a series of booklets launched by a Barcelona publishing house;[99] also some of his lectures in the círculo[100] were issued as separate pamphlets.[101] In the late 1890s Irigaray grew to vice-president of the Madrid círculo (presided by Casasola).[102] Though he was not member of Junta Nacional, he took part in decision-making process within the national executive.[103] It is not clear what was Irigaray's position about the conflict between the insurgent and the conciliatory factions within the party, which eventually led to the 1899 resignation of de Cerralbo and his replacement by Matías Barrio y Mier.[104]

Deputy again (1901–1903)[edit]

Aoiz, early 20h c.

Ahead of the 1901 elections Irigaray initially declared having been uninterested;[105] when an umbrella organization Unión de Católicos asked him to be its representative in another Navarrese district of Aoiz he declined, quoting poor health.[106] However, he eventually accepted the proposal, especially that also the Integrists agreed to support him.[107] Irigaray's rival was supposed to be the local liberal cacique from Roncal Valentin Gayarre, who had held the mandate during 3 previous terms. However, thanks to backstage agreement between the Carlists and their arch-enemies, Liberals, Gayarre decided to stand in Málaga and in last minute he withdrew from the race in Aoiz;[108] in result, Irigaray was elected unopposed[109] and joined the 6-member Carlist minority.

Unlike during his first term, this time Irigaray made himself heard. At that time the Liberals launched what is described in historiography as the first “campaña anticlerical del siglo XX”, with numerous related issues like status of religious orders, education, cemeteries, marriages etc.[110] The Carlists were the first to mount a counter-offensive; in 1901 Irigaray with 4 other deputies filed a motion to derogate paragraph 11 of the constitution, which guaranteed religious liberty; the purpose declared was to re-introduce Catholic unity.[111] A series of plenary debates ensued with a number of grand harangues delivered in the chamber; Irigaray was among those most active, and he clashed with Blasco Ibañez.[112] Traditionalist press hailed his addresses as mastery of logic and rhetoric;[113] today scholars claim that they contained some canonical errors incompatible with the Catholic doctrine.[114] The Liberal leader Canalejas charged him with advancing clericalism, Matías Barrio counter-charged ridiculing Canalejas.[115] Irigaray at one point declared that one could not be a Catholic and a liberal and claimed that liberalism was a sin.[116] The progressist papers immediately seized the opportunity and started to mock Irigaray.[117]

Matías Barrio y Mier
Matías Barrio y Mier

Following the period of hectic activity in 1902 Irigaray had to temporarily withdraw into privacy, again because of his pulmonary problems;[118] he settled in Málaga, as its winter climate was recommended by doctors.[119] Prior to the 1903 elections the Aoiz section of Unión de Católicos preferred his candidature to this of Arturo Campión[120] and again offered him their support.[121] Like 2 years earlier there was no counter-candidate standing and Irigaray got his mandate easily prolonged;[122] this time the Carlist minority in the chamber counted 7 deputies. However, his health was getting worse by day. He was barely seen in the Cortes; he took the oath in mid-June, but in the fall he had to leave for Málaga, where he died in early December. The obituary speech in the Cortes was delivered by Enrique Gil Robles.[123]

See also[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ in the press from the era, in historiography and in official documents the surname of Miguel is spelled „Irigaray”, and this is the spelling adopted in Spanish prints also before 1800. However, on exceptional basis he might have been referred to as “Miguel Yrigaray”, La Epoca 19.12.95, available here. Also some Basque sites prefer the “Yrigaray” spelling for the entire branch back to the 17th century, see Linaje Irigaray en Peralta, [in:] Antzinako service, available here
  2. ^ Irigaray, [in:] Instituto de Historia Familiar service, available here
  3. ^ Peralta became the Navarrese family hub of the Irigarays. However, there was another Navarrese town, Burguete, which hosted another branch of the family. Most Irigarays currently known, e.g. a well-known doctor Pablo Fermín Irigaray Goizueta or a present-day poet José Ángel Irigaray Imaz are related to Burguete and have nothing in common with Miguel Irigaray Gorría
  4. ^ “El primer bautizado del apellido Irigaray en Peralta lo fue en 1620 y es hijo de Betran Yrigaray”, Linaje Irigaray en Peralta, [in:] Antzinako service, available here
  5. ^ see position 128M, Linaje Irigaray en Peralta, [in:] Antzinako service, available here
  6. ^ see position 242, Linaje Irigaray en Peralta, [in:] Antzinako service, available here
  7. ^ Lau-buru 07.11.85, available here
  8. ^ see position 357M, Linaje Irigaray en Peralta, [in:] Antzinako service, available here, also Miguel Irigaray Gorría entry, [in:] Geneanet genealogical service, available here
  9. ^ Lau-buru 07.11.85, available here
  10. ^ José Miguel Gastón Aguas, Aproximación a los poderes locales en la Navarra liberal. El caso de Peralta y los Elorz (1841–1868), [in:] Geronimo de Uztariz 17/18 (2002), p. 148
  11. ^ the area was not dominated by large property. The largest one, owned by the Argáiz brothers, amounted to 91,8 ha; the 10th largest landholder owned 28,1 ha, Gastón Aguas 2002, p. 146
  12. ^ Gastón Aguas 2002, p. 146
  13. ^ Gastón Aguas 2002, p. 159
  14. ^ Gastón Aguas 2002, p. 148
  15. ^ she was daughter to Manuel Gorría Aregui and María Balbina Yrigaray Cenzano, also from Peralta, see position 484F, Linaje Irigaray en Peralta, [in:] Antzinako service, available here
  16. ^ see positions 477 to 484, Linaje Irigaray en Peralta, [in:] Antzinako service, available here
  17. ^ La Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  18. ^ LLa Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  19. ^ El Correo Español 05.12.03, available here
  20. ^ Irigaray y Gorría, Miguel entry, [in:] Gran Enciclopedia de Navarra online, available here
  21. ^ La Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  22. ^ Irigaray Gorría, Miguel entry, [in:] Archivo Histórico Nacional service, available here
  23. ^ see certificate issued by Ilustre Colegio de Abogados de Madrid, [in:] Patrimonio documental del Ilustre Colegio de Abogados de Madrid service, available here
  24. ^ his engagement was made public in late November 1883, Lau-buru 21.11.83, available here; the wedding most likely took place during the Christmas period of 1883, but it might have occurred also later,
  25. ^ her mother was Urbana Buelta Juanmariñeno, El Tradicionalista 25.07.93, available here
  26. ^ in some sources his surname is spelled as “Marco Dayo” (see El Correo Español 20.01.93, available here) or as “Marko Maio” (see Marko3 entry, [in:] Antzinako genealogical service, available here)
  27. ^ El Correo Español 20.01.93, available here
  28. ^ he was last mentioned in the press in 1892, El Correo Español 07.01.92, available here
  29. ^ La Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  30. ^ Angel García-Sanz Marcotegui, Elites económicas y políticas en la Restauración. La diversidad de las derechas navarras, [in:] Historia Contemporánea 23 (2001), p. 601
  31. ^ José Miguel Gastón Aguas, ¡Vivan los comunes!: movimiento comunero y sucesos corralicerios en Navarra (1896–1930), Tafalla 2010, ISBN 9788481365795, p. 203
  32. ^ e.g. protesting the Spanish recognition of the Kingdom of Italy, El Pensamiento Español 29.07.65, available here
  33. ^ La Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  34. ^ in the early 1880s out of 330 Navarrese members of Asociación Euskara there were only 27 from the merindad of Tudela and only 14 from the merindad of Tafalla, Joxemiel Bidador, Ribera de Navarra y euskara, siglo XX, [in:] Principe de Viana 264 (2016), p. 372
  35. ^ Bidador 2016, pp. 372-373
  36. ^ the last information available is his press declaration of firm Traditionalist identity and of hope of electoral success, see El Tradicionalista 18.11.86, available here, there is no later information either on his withdrawal or defeat
  37. ^ El Dia 15.10.87, available here
  38. ^ El Dia 15.10.87, available here
  39. ^ it was noted that “el Sr. Irijjaray no encuentra más soluciones radicales que la de impedir la entrada de alcohol industrial, desarrollar la des tilación del vínico y establecerel monopolio porel Estado de este artículo” La Epoca 27.10.87, available here, also La Voz Montañesa 17.10.87, available here
  40. ^ Jesús María Zaratiegui Labiano, Efectos de la aplicación del sufragio universal en Navarra. Las elecciones generals de 1886 y 1891, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 57 (1996 ), p. 182
  41. ^ La Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  42. ^ García-Sanz Marcotegui 2001, p. 601
  43. ^ Irigaray was admitted to Colegio de Abogados de Madrid on October 7, 1889, Expediente Personal, [in:] Patrimonio documental del Ilustre Colegio de Abogados de Madrid service, available here
  44. ^ García-Sanz Marcotegui 2001, p. 601
  45. ^ La Democracía 01.11.90, available here
  46. ^ e.g. he represented Tudela in 1894, El Siglo médico, vol. 42, Madrid 1895, p. 751
  47. ^ e.g. he represented Tafalla in 1893, Jurisprudencia administrativa: colección completa de las resoluciones dictadas por el Tribunal Supremo, vol. 46, Madrid 1896, p. 529
  48. ^ Jordi Canal i Morell, El carlisme català dins l'Espanya de la Restauració: un assaig de modernització politica (1888–1900), Barcelona 1998, ISBN 9788476022436, p. 245
  49. ^ Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo español, vol. 28, Sevilla 1959, p. 199
  50. ^ La Voz Montañesa 17.10.87, available here
  51. ^ El Imparcial 05.11.91, available here
  52. ^ El Pais 25.06.90, available here
  53. ^ La Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  54. ^ no specific titles are quoted, La Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  55. ^ La Avalancha 24.01.04, available here
  56. ^ La Epoca 28.01.91, available here
  57. ^ La Unión Católica 28.11.90, available here
  58. ^ Zaratiegui Labiano 1996, p. 196
  59. ^ Zaratiegui Labiano 1996, p. 199
  60. ^ Zaratiegui Labiano 1996, p. 222
  61. ^ La Unión Catolica 05.10.92, available here
  62. ^ El Pais 18.10.92, available here
  63. ^ El Correo Español 30.09.95, available here
  64. ^ El Correo Español 01.06.92, available here
  65. ^ El Correo Español 31.10.92, available here
  66. ^ B. de Artagán [Reinaldo Brea], Políticos del Carlismo, Barcelona 1903, p. 27
  67. ^ El Correo Español 12.10.92, available here
  68. ^ El Correo Español 30.01.92, available here
  69. ^ El Correo Español 01.08.92, available here
  70. ^ El Correo Español 17.06.93, available here
  71. ^ La Iberia 06.03.93, available here
  72. ^ El Correo Español 10.04.93, available here
  73. ^ see the official Cortes service, available here. A contemporary scholar notes that the 1893 election campaign in Navarre was „salpicada de irregularidades”, María del Mar Larraza Micheltorena, Las elecciones legislativas de 1893: el comienzo del fin del control de los comicios por los gobiernos liberales, [in:] Principe de Viana 49 (1988), p. 217, also José María Vallejo García-Hevia, Matías Barrio y Mier (1844–1909): Un historiador del derecho en la cátedra, la política y la guerra, Madrid 2020, ISBN 9788417765880, p. 341
  74. ^ El Correo Español 17.06.93, available here
  75. ^ El Correo Español 11.04.93, available here
  76. ^ El Correo Español 13.04.93, available here
  77. ^ El Correo Español 29.05.93, available here
  78. ^ Javier Esteve Martí, La politica antiliberal en España bajo el signo del nacionalismo: el padre Corbató y Polo y Peyrolón [PhD thesis Universitat de Valencia], Valencia 2017, p. 277
  79. ^ Esteve Martí 2017, p. 282
  80. ^ his name was Francesco López Solano, Esteve Martí 2017, p. 283
  81. ^ Esteve Martí 2017, p. 285
  82. ^ initially the press reported that Irigaray gathered 2,595 votes, Guelbenzu 2,501 votes, and the governmental candidate Franca 1,865 votes, La Epoca 13.04.96, available here
  83. ^ see his 1896 mandate at the official Cortes service, available here
  84. ^ El Correo Español 28.07.96, available here
  85. ^ El Correo Militar 08.07.86, available here
  86. ^ La Correspondencia de España 08.09.96, available here
  87. ^ Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845–1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis], Madrid 2012 p. 333
  88. ^ El Correo Español 21.09.96, available here. In March 1897 March in another front-page interview he declared that the Carlists were not at time gearing up to violent action, as “Pronto verán todos que no somos unos heraldos de la guerra civil, sino la reserva que Dios tiene dispuesta para salvar á España cuando parezca que ha llegado el momento de la catástrofe” El Correo Español 11.03.97, available here, also Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 332
  89. ^ Jose María Remirez de Ganuza López, Las Elecciones Generales de 1898 y 1899 en Navarra, [in] Príncipe de Viana 49 (1988), p. 372
  90. ^ Remirez de Ganuza López 1988, p. 370
  91. ^ Remirez de Ganuza López 1988, p. 378
  92. ^ for review of Carlist anti-urban propaganda and their exaltation of rurality compare Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, “Esa ciudad maldita, cuna del centralismo, la burocracia y el liberalismo”: la ciudad como enemigo en el tradicionalismo español, [in:] Actas del congreso internacional "Arquitectura, ciudad e ideología antiurbana", Pamplona 2002, ISBN 8489713510
  93. ^ Remirez de Ganuza López 1988, pp. 378-379
  94. ^ La Epoca 17.03.99, available here
  95. ^ Carlos VII declared that “no habrá en las futuras Cortes diputados carlistas, pero podrá haber carlistas diputados”, María del Mar Larraza Micheltorena, Las elecciones legislativas de 1893: el comienzo del fin del control de los comicios por los gobiernos liberales, [in:] Principe de Viana 49 (1988), Annex. Congreso general de Historia de Navarra, p. 389
  96. ^ La Epoca 13.10.99, available here
  97. ^ El Correo Español 14.02.99, available here
  98. ^ El Correo Español 05.12.03, available here
  99. ^ Jaime del Burgo, Fuentes para la historia de España. Bibliografia del siglo XIX. Guerras carlistas. Luchas politicas, Pamplona 1978, p. 113
  100. ^ El Correo Español 07.01.97, available here
  101. ^ Del Burgo 1978, pp. 182, 520
  102. ^ El Correo Español 14.12.96, available here
  103. ^ e.g. in 1898 he was consulted on the question of would-be Carlist boycott of the forthcoming general elections, Demetrio Castro, El carlista en las Cortes, Pamplona 2016, ISBN 9788423533992, pp. 126, 155
  104. ^ Agustín Fernández Escudero, El XVII marqués de Cerralbo (1845–1922). Segunda parte de la historia de un noble carlista, desde 1900 hasta 1922, [in:] Ab Initio: Revista digital para estudiantes de Historia 4 (2011), p. 70
  105. ^ El Correo Español 29.04.01, available here
  106. ^ El Siglo Futuro 10.05.01, available here
  107. ^ one press title claimed that Irigaray was a candidate of “coalición integro carlista”, El Día 03.04.01, available here
  108. ^ Host Bibliographic Record for Boundwith Item Barcode 30112119570551 and Others, Chicago 2016, p. 311
  109. ^ he obtained 5,725 votes out of 5,789 votes cast, see his 1901 mandate at the official Cortes service available here
  110. ^ José Andrés Gallego, La politica religiosa en España 1889–1913, Madrid 1975, ISBN 8427612478, p. 189
  111. ^ Andrés Gallego 1976, p. 189
  112. ^ Andrés Gallego 1976, p. 234, Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, Diputado Blasco Ibáñez!: memorias parlamentarias, Madrid 1999, ISBN 9788492343331, p. 118 and passim
  113. ^ El Correo Español 31.10.01, available here, El Correo Español 09.09.01, available here
  114. ^ Andrés Gallego 1976, p. 203
  115. ^ according to Barrio y Mier “para este señor [Canalejas] el clericalismo consiste en que el Sr.Irigaray ha sido elegido diputado por Aoiz en lugar de ser Gayarre”, Froilán de Lózar, La aventura política de Matías Barrio y Mier, [in:] Publicaciones de la Institución Tello Téllez de Meneses 78 (2007), p. 239
  116. ^ in 1901 he declared that “en el orden privado puede haber católicos que militen en otros partidos; pero creo, estoy firmemente convencido de ello, que católico y liberal son dos palabras que se repelen”, and then he went on discussing Syllabus and LIberalismo es pecado, Esteve Marti 2017, p. 254
  117. ^ El Cardo 08.09.01, available here
  118. ^ El Correo Español 14.01.01, available here
  119. ^ El Correo Español 05.12.03, available here
  120. ^ El Correo Español 09.09.01, available here
  121. ^ Cristobal Robles Muñoz, Católicos u participación política en Navarra (1902–1905), [in:] Principe de Viana 49 (1988), Annex 10, p. 410
  122. ^ Irigaray got 3.854 votes out of 3,891 votes cast, see the official Cortes service, available here
  123. ^ El Siglo Futuro 10.12.03, available here

Further reading[edit]

  • Mina Apat, María Cruz, Elecciones y partidos en Navarra (1891–1923), [in:] José Luis Garcia Delgado (ed.), La España de la Restauración, Madrid 1985, ISBN 8432305111
  • Ángel García-Sanz Marcotegui, Elites económicas y políticas en la Restauración: la diversidad de las derechas navarras, [in:] Historia contemporánea 23 (2001), pp. 577–628
  • José Miguel Gastón Aguas, Aproximación a los poderes locales en la Navarra liberal. El caso de Peralta y los Elorz (1841–1868), [in:] Gerónimo de Uztariz 17-18 (2002), pp. 139–167
  • César Layana Ilundáin, Elecciones generales en Navarra (1876–1890), Pamplona 1998, ISBN 8495075172, 9788495075178
  • María del Mar Larraza Micheltorena, Las elecciones legislativas de 1893: el comienzo del fin del control de los comicios por los gobiernos liberales, [in:] Principe de Viana 49 (1988), pp. 215–227
  • Jose María Remirez de Ganuza López, Las Elecciones Generales de 1898 y 1899 en Navarra, [in] Príncipe de Viana 49 (1988), pp. 359–399
  • Jesús María Zaratiegui Labiano, Efectos de la aplicación del sufragio universal en Navarra. Las elecciones generals de 1886 y 1891, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 57 (1996), pp. 177–224
Irigaray in his 40s
Irigaray in his 40s

External links[edit]

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